Chapter 21_AFernando_audio

Chapter 1: Introduction

• Overview

  • Focus on microbial diseases and their causal agents: symptoms, signs, etiology, and clinical manifestations.

  • Target systems: cardiovascular and systemic diseases.

• Importance of Understanding Systems

  • Understanding the cardiovascular system, its anatomy and physiology helps identify pathways where microbes can cause diseases.

  • Components: heart, blood, blood vessels.

  • Blood flow dynamics: oxygenation in lungs; arterial and venous distinctions.

• Blood Composition

  • Comprises serum (liquid) and cellular elements:

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen.

    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Immune response.

    • Platelets: Blood clotting.

• Key Terms to Study

  • Septicemia: Presence and growth of bacteria in blood.

  • Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in blood without growth.

  • Toxemia: Release of bacterial toxins into blood.

  • Lymphangitis: Inflammation/infection of the lymphatic system.

Chapter 2: The Lymphatic System

• Infection in Lymphatic System

  • Lymphatic system can also become infected, with symptoms such as swelling (lymphangitis).

• Common Symptoms

  • Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue (malaise), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hypotension, rashes, petechia (hemorrhagic lesions).

  • Symptoms may vary based on the type of toxin produced by bacteria (exotoxins vs. endotoxins).

• Pathogen Characteristics

  • Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause diseases.

  • Virulence Factors: Traits enabling microbes to cause disease, often associated with opportunistic or nosocomial infections.

  • Understanding Infection Types: Mostly due to Gram-negative bacteria, which may include capsule-producing bacteria to evade immune response.

Chapter 3: Signs And Symptoms

• Understanding Septicemia

  • Occurs via direct bacteria inoculation into blood; rare in immunocompetent individuals.

  • Typical signs include fever, fatigue, DIC, shock, and inflammation.

• Endocarditis

  • Infection of heart lining; often caused by viridans streptococci. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and tachycardia.

• Pathogenesis

  • Abnormal hearts at increased risk; treated with antibacterial drugs and prophylactic antibiotics.

Chapter 4: Cell Of Host

• Transmission and Epidemiology

  • Recognize the source of infection, especially in patients with abnormal hearts.

  • Emphasis on timely diagnosis and treatment to combat severe infections.

• Lyme Disease

  • Causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete), transmitted via ticks to humans and deer.

  • Symptoms: Rash, neurological effects, joint pain. Diagnosis through rash observation; prevent through protective measures against tick bites.

Chapter 5: Ebola Virus

• Overview

  • Caused by Ebola virus; manifests with fever, fatigue, and severe internal bleeding (hemorrhaging).

  • Endemic mainly in Africa; transmitted through bodily fluids.

• Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Diagnosis through detection in blood; treatment focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement.

  • Emphasis on preventing dehydration due to virus-induced fluid imbalance.

Chapter 6: Conclusion

• Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa cause diseases like malaria, which require human hosts and mosquitoes for life cycle completion.

  • Malaria symptoms include fever and fatigue due to red blood cell destruction, with Plasmodium falciparum being the most prevalent type. Diagnosis requires blood testing to identify the species.

  • Preventive measures include mosquito control strategies, stressing the importance of public health awareness.