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THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

Theory of Architecture

• presents architecture as a logical and artistic endeavor in designing shelters, buildings, and man-made environments.

• a guide to understanding people's appreciation, utilization and behavior inside built environs, which are relevant to the design process.

• delves in several theories and methodologies, understands the relationships between the physical environment and human behavior, various ways people perceive the surroundings, proxemic sensitivities, and sensibilities in organizing forms and space.

• Architectural Theory - ideas that explain phenomena related to spaces or environment, people's use of these spaces, people's perception of these spaces, and people's behavior within these spaces.

• Design - A problem-solving process, particularly one that helps improve conditions for various human activities. A process of pre-figuring-out a set of solutions to a given set of conditions that needs to be addressed.

• Designer - A solution seeker.

Components of Architectural Solution

• Beauty or aesthetics - A structure must be endearing for its users for them to place greater value on the structure and for the society to consider it as something that adds pride and character to the neighborhood.

• Space flow - The experience of space through time and movement of the building's users.

• Adjacency - A factor that affects space flow and shows the value of placing certain spaces near or far from each other

• Area and space - What we arranged in an order and as components of a particular space flow   Require identification of its physical limits, types of enclosure, relevant ambiance, necessary equipment and allowable occupancy.

• Ease of use - Allows building users to better perform their activities within its premises.

Table Of Architectural Systems and Orders based on Architecture: Form, Space, & Order 4th ed. By Francis D.K. Ching

• Space - is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.

• Perceptual - Sensory perception and recognition of the physical elements by experiencing them sequentially in time.

• Conceptual - Comprehension of the ordered or disordered relationships among a building's elements and systems and responding to the meanings they evoke.

SYSTEMS 

• Spatial Systems - The three-dimensional integration of program elements and spaces accommodates the multiple functions and relationships of a house.

• Structural System -  A grid of columns supports horizontal beams and slabs.

• Enclosure System - Four exterior wall planes define a rectangular volume that contains the program elements and spaces.

• Circulation System  - The stair and ramp penetrate and link the three levels and heighten the viewers perception of forms in space and light.

Context - A simple exterior form wraps around a complex interior organization Of forms and spaces.

ELEMENTS OF FORM AND SPACE

Point - a non-dimensional entity in geometry.

Point as a Marker in Space or Ground Plane:  Projected vertically into linear form because it has no dimension. Seen physically as a column. obelisk, or tower.

• Two Points - describe the connection between a finite line or a segment of a longer path.

Line - Extension of a point, also referred to as a segment.

Orientations of lines and its role in visual construction:

• Vertical: A state of equilibrium with the force of gravity; symbolize human condition, or mark a position in space

• Horizontal: stability, ground plane, horizon, body at rest

• Oblique Line: is a deviation from the vertical or horizontal (//) slanted; dynamic and visually active in its unbalanced state

LINEAR ELEMENTS

Vertical Linear Elements: Commemorate significant events and establish particular points in space   Define transparent

Linear form of Architectural Spaces: Accommodate path of movement through a building and link its spaces to one another.

Linear Elements Defining Planes

• Two parallel lines: closer lines produce stronger sense of plane

• Series of parallel lines: repetitiveness reinforces human perception of the plane

• Rows of columns and pilasters: articulate penetrable boundaries of spatial zones

• Colonnades: often used for public facade of a building

• Vertical and horizontal linear elements: define a volume of space

• Plane - Intersection of two or more lines.

• Shape - primary identifying characteristic of a plane.

General Characteristics of Planes

• Texture: sensed through touch

• Color: visually sensed

• Shape or form: visually sensed

• Size (area of volume): visually sensed

• Visual Inertia: visual impression depicting stability or movement

Three generic types of planes:

• Overhead Plane: roof plane that spans and shelters the interior spaces of a building.

• Wall Plane: is active in our field of vision because of its vertical orientation, shapes and encloses an architectural space.

• Base Plane: can either be a ground plane or a physical foundation and visual base for building forms. 

Planar Elements

• Ground Plane - Supports all architectural construction.

• Floor Plane -   Horizontal element sustaining the force of gravity as users move around and place object to use

• Exterior Wall Planes - Isolate portions of space creating a controlled interior environment.

• Interior Wall Planes - Govern the size and shape of internal spaces or rooms within a building.

• Ceiling Plane - Often out of reach and is almost always a purely visual event in a space.

• Roof Plane - Essential sheltering element protecting the interior of a building from climatic elements.

Form is the primary identifying characteristic of a volume   Can either be:

• Solid: Space displaced by mass.

• Void: Space contained or enclosed by planes Can be seen to be

• Plan and Section: space defined by wall, floor, ceiling or roof planes c Elevation: Space displaced by the mass of a building.

FORM AND SPACE

Architectural Form -   Suggests reference to both internal structure and external outline and the principle that give unity to the whole.

PROPERTIES OF FORM

Shape - Characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form   Principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms   Size.

Phenomenon of light and visual perception described in terms of hue, saturation, and tonal value.

• Texture - tactile quality given to a surface by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of the parts c Determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light

• Position - Location of form relative to its environment or the visual field within which it is seen.

• Orientation - Direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the person viewing the form.

• Visual Inertia - Degree of concentration and stability of a form c Depends on its geometry and orientation relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity, and our line of sight.

UNITY OF ELEMENTS

• Positive elements: perceived figures

• Negative elements: background for figures

• Figure Ground Theory - Allows us to study a situation by means of considering either the solid only or the space on as the focus of investigation. When combined, these surfaces allow viewers to appreciate the defined spaces visually and by their Utility. Visual appreciation of spaces is a factor not only of the surfaces that define them, but also by means of how these spaces are physically arranged (organization', their proximity to each other (adjacencies) and by how we experience these spaces through movement across them (circulation).

Horizontal Elements Defining Space

• Base Plane: A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting background defines a simple field of space.

  • Plain base plane: leveled with the ground or surrounding environment or with limited elevation that is visually negligible (e.g.: plaza, porch, spaces adjacent to each other with similar floor levels)

• Elevated Base Plane: A horizontal plane elevated above the ground plane establishes vertical surfaces along its edges that reinforce the visual separation between its field and the surrounding ground.

Vertical Elements Defining Space

• Vertical Linear Elements: Define the perpendicular edges of a volume of space (e.g.: pavilion/pergola, stoa, street lined with trees, arcade, colonnades); least private, most extrovert

• Single Vertical Plane: Articulates the space on which it fronts (e.g: exterior walls of buildings, fences, billboards)

• L-shaped Plane: generates a field of space from its corner outward along a diagonal axis (e.g.: exterior walls of buildings, fences, partitions, private outdoors)

• Parallel Planes: Two parallel vertical planes define a volume of space between them that is oriented axially toward both open ends of the configuration (e.g.: hallway walls, fences, street lined with buildings)

• U-shaped Plane or Semi-enclosure: defines a volume of space that is oriented primarily toward the open end of the configuration (e.g.: alcove, niche, vestibule)  

• Four Planes or Closure or Complete Enclosure): Establish the boundaries of an introverted space and influence the field of space around the enclosure (e.g.: courtyard, rooms, atrium) ; most private, introvert.

Opening in Space-Denning Elements

• Within Planes: located wholly within a wall or ceiling plane and be surrounded on all sides by the surface of the plane.

• At Corners: located along one edge or at a corner of a wall or ceiling plane   Along one edge

• Between Planes: extended vertically between the floor and ceiling planes or horizontally between two wall planes: grows in size to occupy an entire wall of a space.

Primary Solids — basic building blocks of visual figures

• Sphere: solid generated by the revolution of a semicircle about its diameter, whose surface is at all points equidistant from the center

• Cone: A solid generated by the revolution of a right triangle about one of its sides   

• Pyramid: A polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular faces meeting at a common point or vertex

• Cylinder: A solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides   

• Cube: A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square sides, the angle between any adjacent faces being a right angle Prisms.

Gestalt Psychology: Human minds simplifying objects to easily grasp and understand their relationship and structure.

Transformation of Form

Dimensional Transformation: A form can be transformed by altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain its identity as a member of a family of forms

Subtractive Transformation (resulting to subtractive forms): A form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume. Depending on the extent of subtraction, the form can retain its initial identity or be transformed into a form of another family.

Additive Transformation (resulting to additive forms) - A form can be transformed by the addition of elements to its volume.

Spatial Tension: close proximity arrangement and angular vertex contact (common point).

Additive Form

• Centralized form: a number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central form.

• Linear form: series of forms arranged sequentially in a row.

• Radial form: composition of linear forms extending outward from a central form in a radial manner.

• Clustered form: collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait.

• Grid form: a set of modular forms related and regulated by a 3D grid.

Articulation refers to the manner in which the surfaces of a form come together to define its shape and volume.

Spatial Relationships

• Space within a space: space contained within the volume of a larger space   Interlocking spaces: field of space overlapping the volume of another space.

• Adjacent spaces: two spaces abutting each other or sharing a common border.

• Space linked by a common space: two spaces relying on intermediary space for their relationship.

Spatial Organizations

• Centralized Organization: central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped.

• Linear Organization: linear sequence of repetitive spaces.

• Radial Organization: central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner.

• Clustered Organization: spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship.

• Grid Organization: spaces organized within the field of a structural grind or other three-dimensional framework

Circulation:

  Both a system (of movement in space through time) and a way to organize spaces. Allows users to experience the changing value of spaces, from more public areas to the most private corners or from the least secured to the maximum security spots.

Sequence of Circulation

Approach (The Distant View): first phase which we are prepared to see, experience, and use the building

Frontal: leads directly to the entrance of a building along a straight, axial path.

Oblique: enhances the effect of perspective on the front facade and forms a building.

Spiral: prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the 3D form of a building as we move around its perimeter.

Entrance (from outside to inside): may be flushed, projected, or recessed

Configuration of path (sequence of spaces, starting from entrances): can be linear, radial, spiral, grid, network, or composite   Path-space relationships: edge, nodes and termination of paths

Form of the circulation space: stairs, hallways, ramps

Form of Circulation Space

Enclosed: forming a public galleria or private corridor that relates to the spaces it links though entrances in a wall plane.

Open on One Side: forming a balcony or gallery that provides visual and spatial continuity with the spaces it links.

Open on Both Sides: forming a colonnaded passageway that becomes a physical extension of the space it passes through.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND PROPORTION

Design Principles - These are ideas that create the parameters of a good design.

• Balance - Arrangement of elements based on their weights or value in reference to a certain frame, composition, or axis.

• Emphasis - Refers to the focal object or element of a composition.

• Rhythm - The repetition of an element in space in an orderly (not necessarily regular, but with pattern) beat or interval.

• Unity - Promotes coherence by means of continuity or similarity in a design or composition.

• Harmony - Promotes coherence by means of complementation.

• Movement - Sometimes considered a part of balance as it pertains to a composition's visual stability and dynamics.

• Variety - Allows for the observer to continue to find new things to appreciate the structure.

Theories on Proportion

• Golden Section: observed in many classical Greek architecture: also found in the nautilus (beta = 0.618)

• Fibonacci Series: close approximation of the Golden ratio.

• Classical Order. system of scale and proportion where element in a Greek temple is a measure of the diameter of its column 1/3 of its shaft from its base.

• Renaissance Theories: ideal proportions used in architectural spaces which came about as a result of renaissance architects study of the Pythagorean theorem and the Greek classical architecture as documented in Marcus Vitruvius' 10 Books of Architecture

• Modulor by Le Corbusier: based on Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the golden ration, Fibonacci series, and human dimensions. The result of Le Corbusier's study was published in the "Modulor. a harmonious measure to the human scale universally applicable to Architecture and Mechanics"; Le Corbusier standardized measurements for counters, seating, working tops, shelving, ceiling heights, etc.

• Ken & Shaku - Asian counterparts in proportion developed early in history and are largely based on human dimension (anthropometrics).

  • Shaku was a unit of measure based on roughly the length of 4 forearms (or equivalent of four I-foot) and originated in China. Shaku was adopted in Japan and later on evolved into Ken (approximately 0.8 of a shako).

  • Ken became a measure not only of construction pieces, of room spaces, but later on of aesthetic proportions. (e.g.: Takonoma)   Ken determines spacing between columns, areas of rooms and heights of ceilings, windows, and other architectural elements in Japanese structures.

• Anthropometry - Proportion based on human scale, human appendages, torso, and height.

PROXEMICS AND TERRITORIALITY

Proxemics - as defined by Hall, explain man's use Of space as a specialized elaboration Of culture. Study Of the space people need for themselves while in interaction with other people Space or Extension Of a creature's instinctive defense Of his lair.

Space

Socio-fugal (privacy preservation) and sociopetal (inducing interaction): how people interact and preserve each other's privacy during interactions.

Kinesthetic factors: tactile and movement

Touch code: intensify and nature Of touch

Retinal combination: quantifies eye contacts

Thermal code: body temperature, whether it rises or falls during certain interactions.

Olfaction code (smell) — bodily smells

Voice loudness: voice intensity

Social and personal spaces

• Intimate sphere (0-0.45m from our skin): parties share a unique level Of comfort with one another.

• Personal distant (0.45m to 1 -2m): used when talking to family and friends about personal topics.

• Social distance ( 1.2m to 3.6m): used in business transactions, meeting new people, and interacting with groups of people  

• Public distance (beyond 3.6m): used while giving a speech, performance, or lecture wherein attention is intended to be focused on them

• Ideas on spatial perception o Territories and Domain: places that a person or community secures as a partly or wholly owned spaces

• Territorial Infringement: happens when an outsider entered a territory with a perceived intention Of taking-over it

• Defensible Space: Physical environment that has created a perceived territory on which a person or a group Of people is expected to exert territorial control and protection.

 Types Of territories

• Primary territories: body, home, private properties.

• Secondary territories: interactional territories; where interaction happens on a social scale with other people and the community are involved.

• Public territory: least defended, requires a sense Of community for its defense, upkeep and maintenance.

AESTHETICS AND COLOR

Aesthetic Philosophies

• Wabi-sabi: Japanese aesthetic philosophy that comes from a world view that everything is ephemeral or fleeting, has imperfections and weaknesses, as well as strength and character.

• Biophilia: Coined by Edward O. Wilson, stating that humans' social behavior is partially genetics in origin proposing that our sense of beauty is based on how nature programmed us to appreciate them, mainly as mechanisms for survival, procreation, and adaptation.

• Genus Loci: literally means "spirit of the palace" in Italian. Used whenever planning of communities runs on the idea of making the place "one with the divine being".

Color Harmony and Color Theories

• Color harmony: coherent combination of colors to create a pleasing impact of the whole.

• Primary colors: strongest and most unadulterated of colors; creates competing strong stimulants; oftentimes not harmonious since all three colors will compete for attention.

• Analogous: 3 side-by-side colors on the color wheel.

• Complementary: 2 colors, 1 primary. and I secondary which are on opposite sides of the wheel: vivid and saturated when combined.

• Split Complementary: matched with two colors that are secondary to its complementary color.

• Triad combination: primary color is matched with two other primary colors, or 3-colors that are equally distant from each other in the color wheel.

Johann Wolfgang von Goeth's Color Theory

• Yellow and red lights are colors that mark intense presence of light which accounts for its highly stimulating and warm nature.

• Blue and purple ore the least stimulating, which he associated with having the least light intensity (darkness)

Chromodynamics - Phenomenon when moods and behaviors are affected by color

• Long-wavelength colors: high anxiety responses

• Shorter wave hues: lower anxiety responses 

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION

• Behavior - Observable activity of an organism: anything an organism does that involves action and/or response to stimulation.

• Stimulation - What we get from surroundings that are received by any of our senses.

• Socialization - Interaction with other people.

Human-Environment Relationship Theories

• Social Learning Theories: We are intrinsically motivated to seek reinforcement. Our personality represent our interaction with the environment (physical and social)

• Control Theories: humans control their behavior, when needed c Controlling their environment changing the way we regard the environment.

• Behavior-setting Theories: small scale social systems composed of people and objects in such a way that promote certain actions within a specified time and place.

• Stimulation Theories: the environment is a source of sensory information evoking responses from humans and other cultures.

Environmental Perception Theories: research guides which aim to explain the meaning humans derive from the environment, their perception of its beauty, and how it evokes feelings of comfort or discomfort.

Probabilistic Lens model: certain stimuli and elements in the environment have greater probability of being factored-in when perceiving the environment; while others may be considered negligible.

Affordances: tendency to react or act certain behaviors when presented with a specific element or stimuli.

Collative Properties: people respond to aesthetics based on its collative stimuli properties or those properties which elicit comparative or investigative responses and cause perceptual conflict with present or past stimuli.

Attention Restoration Theories: mental fatigue and concentration can be improved by time spent in, or looking at nature.

Pleasure-Arousal Dominance Hypothesis: environmental elements can either result in arousal or under-stimulus, provide pleasure or provide displeasure, and affect dominance or submission to the situation.

Theory of Legibility by Kevin Lynch: we perceive, understand, and appreciate a place neighborhood, community, or a city through distinct elements.

• District: part of the city distinct from another by means of a sub-culture, function, ethnicity or socio-economic status.

• Path: linkages used by people in going about their activities in a city

• Node: intersection between two path or any of the other elements of legibility.

• Edge: vertical elements bordering paths or districts.

• Landmark: directional elements and as highlights of a district.

Human Factors Affecting Human Behavior

• Physiological traits

• Physical built-up 

• Health (mental health) 

• Hormones and neurochemicals c Genetics

• Psychological Traits

• Extraversion or surgency: talkativeness, energy, and assertiveness

• Agreeableness: sympathy, kindness and affection 

• Conscientiousness: organized, through and able to make and execute plans 

• Neuroticisms: tension, moodiness, and anxiety: reverse of emotional stability

• Openness: having wide interests, being imaginative and insightful

Psychological Traits by Briggs-Myers test (Four Personality Dichotomy) 

• Introvert-Extrovert

• Sensory-intuitive

• Thinker-Feeler 

• Judger-Perceiver

Other studies of Psychology c Screener: individuals with strong ability to screen out unwanted environmental stimuli.

• Non-screener: individuals with poor ability to screen out unwanted environmental stimuli

• Behaviors Affected by the Capacity

• Perception

• Cognition 

• Memory or recall

• Gestalt Psychology

• Similarity

• Proximity

• Continuity   Closure

• Equilibrium o Figure and Ground 

DESIGNING THE USE OF SPACE: METHODS AND PROCESSES

• Design - Activity of generating proposals that change something that already exists into something that is better.

• Design Processes

  • Jones (A method of systematic design)

  • Divergence (production of programme of requirements)

  • Transformation (structuring the problem, conceiving partial solution, transformation

  • Convergence (combination of partial solutions, evaluation of different designs)

Three Main Phases in the Design Process according to Jones ( 1982)

• Analysis: describing the problem in its entirety and breaking it down into individual components, identifying each requirement the design has to satisfy and arranging the results to form a consistent set of performance requirements.

  • Synthesis: developing solutions for parts of the problem and ways of satisfying special performance requirements and achieving the best possible integration of partial solutions into a complete design. 

  • Evaluation: determining the extent to which total or partial solutions satisfy the requirements set in advance.

Foque' s Three Stages of Design:

• Structuring Stage: preparatory phase of problem analysis:

• Creative Stage: where people come up with new ideas potentially leading to new solutions

• Informational Stage: where abstract knowledge is coded and converted into messages and signals

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

VITRUVIUS AND ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ON ANTIQUITY

• Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

  • Simply known as “Vitruvius”

  • Famous Roman military engineer & architect for Julius Ceasar during the 1st Century B.C. 

  • The prominent architectural theorist during the Roman Empire

  • Wrote De Architectura

    • Translates to: On Architecture

    • Now known as The Ten Books on Architecture

  • He describes architecture as the imitation of nature.

  • The first Roman architect to have written surviving records on his field

• De Architectura (On Architecture)

  • Written in Latin and Greek on architecture

  • It was a book dedicated to Emperor Augustus of the Roman Empire

  • Only preserved contemporary source of classical architecture

• Greek House Plan by Vitruvius

• The Vitruvian Man 

  • Was used to study anthropometrics

  • Created by Leonardo Da Vinci during year 1487

• Anthropometrics

  • The study of human body measurements including height, weight, and reach ranges

  • Studied by designers to create function

• Fundamental Principles of Architecture Accdg. to Vitruvius

  • Order

    • Considered separately and has symmetrical agreement to proportions

  • Arrangement

    • Putting things in proper places

    • Symmetry, Eurythmy, Propriety, and Economy

• Form of Expression

  • Groundplan

  • Elevation

  • Perspective

• Threefold Principles of Vitruvius

• “A structure must be firm, useful & beautiful”

• Firmitas – Firmness or Durability; The Building  has an unending war with gravity

• Utilitas – Utility or Commodity; Every building must serve a specific utility. Religious, education, civic, etc.

• Venustas – Beauty or Delight; How color & light interrelate with each other’s building

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

• “Middle ages” or “dark age

• Existed after the fall of the Roman Empire and rise of Holy Roman Empire

• Abbot Suger

  • Medieval Architecture

  • Passed on architectural’s knowledge by transcription, lodges of master builders, and word of mouth

  • Most of his works were theological

  • Wrote Book of St. Denis

• Book of St. Denis

  • What was done during his administration

  • Was an architectural document that emerged with Gothic Architecture

• Villard de Honnecourt’s Portfolio

  • Drawings from 1230s

• Architectural Styles

  • Gothic

  • Romanesque

• Gothic Period

  • Birth of Gothic

    • Sugert’s ambition with thoroughly remodelling the Abbey Church if Saint-Denis in France

• Basillica of Saint Denis

  • First church in the Gothic Period

  • Became the template of the Gothic Churches

• Characteristics of Gothic Churches

  • Has beams princes or Preachers

  • Pavement foundation

  • Lattice work of windows

  • Glass windows with holy scriptures

  • Piers

  • Doors

  • Flying buttresses 

  • Gargoyles

  • Rose Window

• Abbey Church of Saint Denis renovated by Abbot Suger

• Upward Leading Method

  • One of Abbot Suger’s philosophies which influenced the design.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

• Giacomo Barozzi Vignola

  • Great Italian Architect of the 16th century

• Five Orders of Architecture

  • Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura

  • Published during 1562 in Rome

  • One of the most successful architectural textbooks

  • Presented Vignola’s practical system for constructing columns

  • Devoted solely to consideration of the architectural orders and their proportions

• Five classical orders

  • Tuscan

  • Doric

  • Ionic

  • Corinthian

  • Composite

• Leon Battista Alberti

  • Architect, poet, linguist, humanist author, philosopher, and also a priest

  • Epitome of a renaissance man

  • He wrote De re aedificatoria On Building

• De re aedificatoria

  • Also means “Old Building” 

  • Bible of Renaissance Architecture

  • “Beauty is the adjustment of all parts proportionately so that one cannot add or subtract without impairing the harmony of the whole”

• Sebastiano Serliio

  • Writer of Regole generali di architettura 

    • Translates to: The General Rules of Architecture

    • Hidden Lines

    • “Architecture needs taught first by geometry & subsequently by the study of perspective”

• Andrea Palladio

  • I quattro libre dell architettura

    • Translates to: The Four Books of Architecture

    • Describes his principles behind his architecture

    • Used for “Palladianism” or Palladian inspired classicism

  • Father of modern picture books architecture

• Palladian Architecture

  • European style of architecture 

  • Derived from the designs of Palladio

  • Palladian

    • Refers to buildings inspired by Palladio’s own work

• Where Palladio’s work is based on:

  • Symmetry – symmetrical in two axis both facade & plan

  • Perspective

  • Values of the formal classical temple architecture for the Ancient Greeks & Romans (Greco-Roman style)

• Philbert De L’orme

  • One of the French theorists who are critical of Italians

  • Perceptive Psychology

20TH CENTURY-ISMS

CLASSICISM / NEO-CLASSICAL

• Features:

  • Symmetrical Shape

  • Triangular upper part of the front of the building

  • Sometimes have half sphere shaped roof

  • Tall columns by the entrance

• Often appears as

  • National Museums

  • Ancient Greek / Ancient Roman Temples 

  • Classical Block 

  • Prominent Buildings in a country (In Philippines, most of them was built during post-war)

ECLECTICISM

• Combination of variety of styles from other geographical regions throughout different eras in one architectural composition

• Examples of Eclecticism Buildings

  • Basilica of the Sagrada Familia

    • Combination of Gothic style with Art Noveau motifs

    • Still under construction until today since 1882 century 

    • Has explored multiple eras

    • Designed by Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona

• Beaux Arts Approach

  • Richard Morris Hunt

  • Charles Follen McKim 

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 

• Transformed economies from agriculture & handicrafts into mechanized manufacturing & factory system

• “The machines change the people’s way of life” 

MODERNISM

• Largely inspired by machine & abstract painting and sculpture 

• Usually characterized by 

  • An emphasis of horizontal & vertical lines

  • Rejection of ornamentation

  • Simplification of form

  • Elimination of “unnecessary detail” 

• Louis Sullivan

  • “Form follows function” 

  • Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright

  • Father of skyscrapers & modernism 

  • Famous Chicagoan Architect

• Frank Lloyd Wright 

  • Greatest American architect of all time

  • “The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own civilization.” 

  • Prairie Style

• Prairie Style

  • Low slung, horizontal lines of the American Prairie landscape

  • Lengthy rows of windows

  • Low pitch roofs

  • Absence of basements or attics 

  • Interior walls were minimized to create an open floor plan

• Adolf Loos

  • Ornament Und Verbrechen

    • Translates to: Ornament & Crime

    • Essay filled with his strong agreement to modern theorists regards ornament 

• Otto Wagner

  • Opposed architectural eclecticism as a realist

  • “The sole departure for our artistic work can only be modern life”

  • Function of architecture is more important that form or style

  • Utility style is the style for the future

  • Wagner’s stations used in Art Nouveau style defined curvilinear and soft angular forms, organic motifs, and geometric designs

• Le Corbusier

  • Architecture is a brilliant, orthodox, and original jigsaw puzzle of masses combined in light. 

BRUTALISM 

• Reinforced concrete construction

• An architectural style that was adapted during post war, limiting themselves due to lack of resources and mainly used precast concrete slabs

• Common features

  • Precast concrete slabs

  • Rough unfinished surfaces

  • Exposed steel beams

  • Sculptural shapes

FUNCTIONALISM

• Form follows function

• Functionalist architects design utilitarian structures in which the interior program dictates the outward form, without regard to such traditional devices as axial symmetry and classical proportions.

• Formalism

  • Emphasizes form

• Futurism

  • Long dynamic lines, suggested speed, motion, urgency & lyricism

• Minimalism

  • Placed on the outline oor frame of the structure

• Cubism

  • Centered in dissolution & reconstitution of 3D forms

EXPRESSIONISM

• Architectural movement that developed in Northern Europe since first decades of the 20th century

• Characteristics of Expressionism

  • Early modernist adoption of novel materials

  • Formal innovation

  • Unusual massing

  • Sometimes were inspired by natural biomorphic forms

  • New technical possibilities offered by mass production of brick, steel & glass

• Most prolific architects & designers of expressionist movement (which has influenced contemporary modernism) 

  • Eero Saarinen

  • Alvar Aalto

  • Oscar Niemeyer

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

• Use of modern materials: 

  • Glass 

  • Steel

• Emphasizing function & structure over ornamental decoration

• Characteristics of International style

  • Box type

  • Open floor plans

  • Mainly uses glass and steel 

  • Reinforced concrete construction

  • Little to no ornamentations

  • Flat surfaces

• Philip Johnson

  • Luxurious in scale & materials

  • Emphasizes symmetry & elegance

  • “All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains cuddles. Exalts, or stimulates the person in that space”

• Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

  • No particular style

  • Philosophy comes first

  • Uses steel & concrete frames 

  • “Less is more.”

  • “Skin and bones.”

• Walter Gropius

  • Founder of BAUHAUS

• BAUHAUS

  • Combines art with fine arts & crafts and contemporary art

• BAUHAUS Characteristics

  • Form follows function

  • There is no border between artists & craftsman

  • Minimalism

  • Use of technology

  • Integrity of materials

ART NOUVEAU

• From classical to modern

• “New Art” or “New Style” in English

• “Jugendstil” in German

• Use of asymmetrical shapes

• Combination of nature & industry

• Has organic decor

  • Birds, plants, and humans 

  • Emphasis on female form

  • Surfaces was done in terra cotta, a baked earthen clay, colorful glazed tile, and mosaic

ART DECO

• Manifested between World War 1 and World War 2 (1920 – 1939)

• Art deco was incorporated by the Americans during 1920 into cultural landscape in urban areas

• Decorative ideas 

  • Egyptian motifs

  • Nature

  • Nude female figures

  • Animals

  • Foliage

  • Sun Rays

• Influences

  • Bold geometric forms

  • Bright colors

  • Sometimes mixed with Egyptian Architecture

  • Metallic 

  • Zigzag motif

• Characteristics 

  • Curving forms

  • Nautical elements

    • Porthole windows

    • Viewing decks

    • Horizontal elements

    • Horizontal plans

  • Round corners

  • Glass Blocks

  • Flat roof

  • Cubism

POST – MODERNISM 

• Lack of historical reference 

• Often described as theatrical 

• Trying to create instant or neo-history

DECONSTRUCTIVISM

• Seeks to arrive at new forms of expression

• Tends to produce a sense of dislocation 

CONSTRUCTIVISM

• Modern architecture in the Soviet Union

• Uses advanced engineering methods and structural innovation

• Exposes rather than concealing building joints

– NOTHING FOLLOWS –

This approach enhances both aesthetic appeal and functionality, allowing for greater flexibility in design and improved maintenance access.