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Theory of Architecture
presents architecture as a logical and artistic endeavor in designing shelters, buildings, and man-made environments.
a guide to understanding people's appreciation, utilization and behavior inside built environs, which are relevant to the design process.
delves in several theories and methodologies, understands the relationships between the physical environment and human behavior, various ways people perceive the surroundings, proxemic sensitivities, and sensibilities in organizing forms and space.
Architectural Theory - ideas that explain phenomena related to spaces or environment, people's use of these spaces, people's perception of these spaces, and people's behavior within these spaces.
Design - A problem-solving process, particularly one that helps improve conditions for various human activities. A process of pre-figuring-out a set of solutions to a given set of conditions that needs to be addressed.
Designer - A solution seeker.
Components of Architectural Solution
Beauty or aesthetics - A structure must be endearing for its users for them to place greater value on the structure and for the society to consider it as something that adds pride and character to the neighborhood.
Space flow - The experience of space through time and movement of the building's users.
Adjacency - A factor that affects space flow and shows the value of placing certain spaces near or far from each other
Area and space - What we arranged in an order and as components of a particular space flow Require identification of its physical limits, types of enclosure, relevant ambiance, necessary equipment and allowable occupancy.
Ease of use - Allows building users to better perform their activities within its premises.
| Architectural Systems | Order | |||
Feature |
| Function | Stem | ||
Space, Structure, & Enclosure |
| Architecture | Spatial System | Physical | |
Technolo |
| Means | Structural System | ||
Movement in S ce and Time |
| Experience | Enclosure System | Perceptual | |
Program |
| Accommodation | Circulation System | ||
Context |
| Compatibility |
| Context | Conceptual |
Space - is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.
Perceptual - Sensory perception and recognition of the physical elements by experiencing them sequentially in time.
Conceptual - Comprehension of the ordered or disordered relationships among a building's elements and systems and responding to the meanings they evoke.
SYSTEMS
Spatial Systems - The three-dimensional integration of program elements and spaces accommodates the multiple functions and relationships of a house.
Structural System - A grid of columns supports horizontal beams and slabs.
Enclosure System - Four exterior wall planes define a rectangular volume that contains the program elements and spaces.
Circulation System - The stair and ramp penetrate and link the three levels and heighten the viewers perception of forms in space and light.
Context - A simple exterior form wraps around a complex interior organization Of forms and spaces.
ELEMENTS OF FORM AND SPACE
Point - a non-dimensional entity in geometry.
Point as a Marker in Space or Ground Plane: Projected vertically into linear form because it has no dimension. Seen physically as a column. obelisk, or tower.
Two Points - describe the connection between a finite line or a segment of a longer path.
Line - Extension of a point, also referred to as a segment.
Orientations of lines and its role in visual construction:
Vertical: A state of equilibrium with the force of gravity; symbolize human condition, or mark a position in space
Horizontal: stability, ground plane, horizon, body at rest
Oblique Line: is a deviation from the vertical or horizontal (//) slanted; dynamic and visually active in its unbalanced state
LINEAR ELEMENTS
Vertical Linear Elements: Commemorate significant events and establish particular points in space Define transparent
Linear form of Architectural Spaces: Accommodate path of movement through a building and link its spaces to one another.
Linear Elements Defining Planes
Two parallel lines: closer lines produce stronger sense of plane
Series of parallel lines: repetitiveness reinforces human perception of the plane
Rows of columns and pilasters: articulate penetrable boundaries of spatial zones
Colonnades: often used for public facade of a building
Vertical and horizontal linear elements: define a volume of space
Plane - Intersection of two or more lines.
Shape - primary identifying characteristic of a plane.
General Characteristics of Planes
Texture: sensed through touch
Color: visually sensed
Shape or form: visually sensed
Size (area of volume): visually sensed
Visual Inertia: visual impression depicting stability or movement
Three generic types of planes:
Overhead Plane: roof plane that spans and shelters the interior spaces of a building.
Wall Plane: is active in our field of vision because of its vertical orientation, shapes and encloses an architectural space.
Base Plane: can either be a ground plane or a physical foundation and visual base for building forms.
Planar Elements
Ground Plane - Supports all architectural construction.
Floor Plane - Horizontal element sustaining the force of gravity as users move around and place object to use
Exterior Wall Planes - Isolate portions of space creating a controlled interior environment.
Interior Wall Planes - Govern the size and shape of internal spaces or rooms within a building.
Ceiling Plane - Often out of reach and is almost always a purely visual event in a space.
Roof Plane - Essential sheltering element protecting the interior of a building from climatic elements.
Form is the primary identifying characteristic of a volume Can either be:
Solid: Space displaced by mass.
Void: Space contained or enclosed by planes Can be seen to be
Plan and Section: space defined by wall, floor, ceiling or roof planes c Elevation: Space displaced by the mass of a building.
Element | Visual | Other |
|
| |
Point | Position role, location | n/a | |||
Line | Position, direction & visual inertia, length | n/a | |||
Plane | Position, orientation & visual inertia, area | Surface texture, rigidity or softness / flexibility | |||
solid / 3D Figure | Position, orientation & visual inertia, volume | Surface texture, rigidity or softness / flexibility |
FORM AND SPACE
Architectural Form - Suggests reference to both internal structure and external outline and the principle that give unity to the whole.
PROPERTIES OF FORM
Shape - Characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form Principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms Size.
Phenomenon of light and visual perception described in terms of hue, saturation, and tonal value.
Texture - tactile quality given to a surface by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of the parts c Determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light
Position - Location of form relative to its environment or the visual field within which it is seen.
Orientation - Direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the person viewing the form.
Visual Inertia - Degree of concentration and stability of a form c Depends on its geometry and orientation relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity, and our line of sight.
UNITY OF ELEMENTS
Positive elements: perceived figures
Negative elements: background for figures
Figure Ground Theory - Allows us to study a situation by means of considering either the solid only or the space on as the focus of investigation. When combined, these surfaces allow viewers to appreciate the defined spaces visually and by their Utility. Visual appreciation of spaces is a factor not only of the surfaces that define them, but also by means of how these spaces are physically arranged (organization', their proximity to each other (adjacencies) and by how we experience these spaces through movement across them (circulation).
Horizontal Elements Defining Space
Base Plane: A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting background defines a simple field of space.
Plain base plane: leveled with the ground or surrounding environment or with limited elevation that is visually negligible (e.g.: plaza, porch, spaces adjacent to each other with similar floor levels)
Elevated Base Plane: A horizontal plane elevated above the ground plane establishes vertical surfaces along its edges that reinforce the visual separation between its field and the surrounding ground.
Vertical Elements Defining Space
Vertical Linear Elements: Define the perpendicular edges of a volume of space (e.g.: pavilion/pergola, stoa, street lined with trees, arcade, colonnades); least private, most extrovert
Single Vertical Plane: Articulates the space on which it fronts (e.g: exterior walls of buildings, fences, billboards)
L-shaped Plane: generates a field of space from its corner outward along a diagonal axis (e.g.: exterior walls of buildings, fences, partitions, private outdoors)
Parallel Planes: Two parallel vertical planes define a volume of space between them that is oriented axially toward both open ends of the configuration (e.g.: hallway walls, fences, street lined with buildings)
U-shaped Plane or Semi-enclosure: defines a volume of space that is oriented primarily toward the open end of the configuration (e.g.: alcove, niche, vestibule)
Four Planes or Closure or Complete Enclosure): Establish the boundaries of an introverted space and influence the field of space around the enclosure (e.g.: courtyard, rooms, atrium) ; most private, introvert.
Opening in Space-Denning Elements
Within Planes: located wholly within a wall or ceiling plane and be surrounded on all sides by the surface of the plane.
At Corners: located along one edge or at a corner of a wall or ceiling plane Along one edge
Between Planes: extended vertically between the floor and ceiling planes or horizontally between two wall planes: grows in size to occupy an entire wall of a space.
Primary Solids — basic building blocks of visual figures
Sphere: solid generated by the revolution of a semicircle about its diameter, whose surface is at all points equidistant from the center
Cone: A solid generated by the revolution of a right triangle about one of its sides
Pyramid: A polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular faces meeting at a common point or vertex
Cylinder: A solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides
Cube: A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square sides, the angle between any adjacent faces being a right angle Prisms.
Gestalt Psychology: Human minds simplifying objects to easily grasp and understand their relationship and structure.
Transformation of Form
Dimensional Transformation: A form can be transformed by altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain its identity as a member of a family of forms
Subtractive Transformation (resulting to subtractive forms): A form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume. Depending on the extent of subtraction, the form can retain its initial identity or be transformed into a form of another family.
Additive Transformation (resulting to additive forms) - A form can be transformed by the addition of elements to its volume.
Spatial Tension: close proximity arrangement and angular vertex contact (common point).
Additive Form
Centralized form: a number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central form.
Linear form: series of forms arranged sequentially in a row.
Radial form: composition of linear forms extending outward from a central form in a radial manner.
Clustered form: collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait.
Grid form: a set of modular forms related and regulated by a 3D grid.
Articulation refers to the manner in which the surfaces of a form come together to define its shape and volume.
Spatial Relationships
Space within a space: space contained within the volume of a larger space Interlocking spaces: field of space overlapping the volume of another space.
Adjacent spaces: two spaces abutting each other or sharing a common border.
Space linked by a common space: two spaces relying on intermediary space for their relationship.
Spatial Organizations
Centralized Organization: central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped.
Linear Organization: linear sequence of repetitive spaces.
Radial Organization: central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner.
Clustered Organization: spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship.
Grid Organization: spaces organized within the field of a structural grind or other three-dimensional framework
Circulation:
Both a system (of movement in space through time) and a way to organize spaces. Allows users to experience the changing value of spaces, from more public areas to the most private corners or from the least secured to the maximum security spots.
Sequence of Circulation
Approach (The Distant View): first phase which we are prepared to see, experience, and use the building
Frontal: leads directly to the entrance of a building along a straight, axial path.
Oblique: enhances the effect of perspective on the front facade and forms a building.
Spiral: prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the 3D form of a building as we move around its perimeter.
Entrance (from outside to inside): may be flushed, projected, or recessed
Configuration of path (sequence of spaces, starting from entrances): can be linear, radial, spiral, grid, network, or composite Path-space relationships: edge, nodes and termination of paths
Form of the circulation space: stairs, hallways, ramps
Form of Circulation Space
Enclosed: forming a public galleria or private corridor that relates to the spaces it links though entrances in a wall plane.
Open on One Side: forming a balcony or gallery that provides visual and spatial continuity with the spaces it links.
Open on Both Sides: forming a colonnaded passageway that becomes a physical extension of the space it passes through.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND PROPORTION
Design Principles - These are ideas that create the parameters of a good design.
Balance - Arrangement of elements based on their weights or value in reference to a certain frame, composition, or axis.
Emphasis - Refers to the focal object or element of a composition.
Rhythm - The repetition of an element in space in an orderly (not necessarily regular, but with pattern) beat or interval.
Unity - Promotes coherence by means of continuity or similarity in a design or composition.
Harmony - Promotes coherence by means of complementation.
Movement - Sometimes considered a part of balance as it pertains to a composition's visual stability and dynamics.
Variety - Allows for the observer to continue to find new things to appreciate the structure.
Theories on Proportion
Golden Section: observed in many classical Greek architecture: also found in the nautilus (beta = 0.618)
Fibonacci Series: close approximation of the Golden ratio.
Classical Order. system of scale and proportion where element in a Greek temple is a measure of the diameter of its column 1/3 of its shaft from its base.
Renaissance Theories: ideal proportions used in architectural spaces which came about as a result of renaissance architects study of the Pythagorean theorem and the Greek classical architecture as documented in Marcus Vitruvius' 10 Books of Architecture
Modulor by Le Corbusier: based on Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the golden ration, Fibonacci series, and human dimensions. The result of Le Corbusier's study was published in the "Modulor. a harmonious measure to the human scale universally applicable to Architecture and Mechanics"; Le Corbusier standardized measurements for counters, seating, working tops, shelving, ceiling heights, etc.
Ken & Shaku - Asian counterparts in proportion developed early in history and are largely based on human dimension (anthropometrics).
Shaku was a unit of measure based on roughly the length of 4 forearms (or equivalent of four I-foot) and originated in China. Shaku was adopted in Japan and later on evolved into Ken (approximately 0.8 of a shako).
Ken became a measure not only of construction pieces, of room spaces, but later on of aesthetic proportions. (e.g.: Takonoma) Ken determines spacing between columns, areas of rooms and heights of ceilings, windows, and other architectural elements in Japanese structures.
Anthropometry - Proportion based on human scale, human appendages, torso, and height.
PROXEMICS AND TERRITORIALITY
Proxemics - as defined by Hall, explain man's use Of space as a specialized elaboration Of culture. Study Of the space people need for themselves while in interaction with other people Space or Extension Of a creature's instinctive defense Of his lair.
Space
Socio-fugal (privacy preservation) and sociopetal (inducing interaction): how people interact and preserve each other's privacy during interactions.
Kinesthetic factors: tactile and movement
Touch code: intensify and nature Of touch
Retinal combination: quantifies eye contacts
Thermal code: body temperature, whether it rises or falls during certain interactions.
Olfaction code (smell) — bodily smells
Voice loudness: voice intensity
Social and personal spaces
Intimate sphere (0-0.45m from our skin): parties share a unique level Of comfort with one another.
Personal distant (0.45m to 1 -2m): used when talking to family and friends about personal topics.
Social distance ( 1.2m to 3.6m): used in business transactions, meeting new people, and interacting with groups of people
Public distance (beyond 3.6m): used while giving a speech, performance, or lecture wherein attention is intended to be focused on them
Ideas on spatial perception o Territories and Domain: places that a person or community secures as a partly or wholly owned spaces
Territorial Infringement: happens when an outsider entered a territory with a perceived intention Of taking-over it
Defensible Space: Physical environment that has created a perceived territory on which a person or a group Of people is expected to exert territorial control and protection.
Types Of territories
Primary territories: body, home, private properties.
Secondary territories: interactional territories; where interaction happens on a social scale with other people and the community are involved.
Public territory: least defended, requires a sense Of community for its defense, upkeep and maintenance.
AESTHETICS AND COLOR
Aesthetic Philosophies
Wabi-sabi: Japanese aesthetic philosophy that comes from a world view that everything is ephemeral or fleeting, has imperfections and weaknesses, as well as strength and character.
Biophilia: Coined by Edward O. Wilson, stating that humans' social behavior is partially genetics in origin proposing that our sense of beauty is based on how nature programmed us to appreciate them, mainly as mechanisms for survival, procreation, and adaptation.
Genus Loci: literally means "spirit of the palace" in Italian. Used whenever planning of communities runs on the idea of making the place "one with the divine being".
Color Harmony and Color Theories
Color harmony: coherent combination of colors to create a pleasing impact of the whole.
Primary colors: strongest and most unadulterated of colors; creates competing strong stimulants; oftentimes not harmonious since all three colors will compete for attention.
Analogous: 3 side-by-side colors on the color wheel.
Complementary: 2 colors, 1 primary. and I secondary which are on opposite sides of the wheel: vivid and saturated when combined.
Split Complementary: matched with two colors that are secondary to its complementary color.
Triad combination: primary color is matched with two other primary colors, or 3-colors that are equally distant from each other in the color wheel.
Johann Wolfgang von Goeth's Color Theory
Yellow and red lights are colors that mark intense presence of light which accounts for its highly stimulating and warm nature.
Blue and purple ore the least stimulating, which he associated with having the least light intensity (darkness)
Chromodynamics - Phenomenon when moods and behaviors are affected by color
Long-wavelength colors: high anxiety responses
Shorter wave hues: lower anxiety responses
ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION
Behavior - Observable activity of an organism: anything an organism does that involves action and/or response to stimulation.
Stimulation - What we get from surroundings that are received by any of our senses.
Socialization - Interaction with other people.
Human-Environment Relationship Theories
Social Learning Theories: We are intrinsically motivated to seek reinforcement. Our personality represent our interaction with the environment (physical and social)
Control Theories: humans control their behavior, when needed c Controlling their environment changing the way we regard the environment.
Behavior-setting Theories: small scale social systems composed of people and objects in such a way that promote certain actions within a specified time and place.
Stimulation Theories: the environment is a source of sensory information evoking responses from humans and other cultures.
Environmental Perception Theories: research guides which aim to explain the meaning humans derive from the environment, their perception of its beauty, and how it evokes feelings of comfort or discomfort.
Probabilistic Lens model: certain stimuli and elements in the environment have greater probability of being factored-in when perceiving the environment; while others may be considered negligible.
Affordances: tendency to react or act certain behaviors when presented with a specific element or stimuli.
Collative Properties: people respond to aesthetics based on its collative stimuli properties or those properties which elicit comparative or investigative responses and cause perceptual conflict with present or past stimuli.
Attention Restoration Theories: mental fatigue and concentration can be improved by time spent in, or looking at nature.
Pleasure-Arousal Dominance Hypothesis: environmental elements can either result in arousal or under-stimulus, provide pleasure or provide displeasure, and affect dominance or submission to the situation.
Theory of Legibility by Kevin Lynch: we perceive, understand, and appreciate a place neighborhood, community, or a city through distinct elements.
District: part of the city distinct from another by means of a sub-culture, function, ethnicity or socio-economic status.
Path: linkages used by people in going about their activities in a city
Node: intersection between two path or any of the other elements of legibility.
Edge: vertical elements bordering paths or districts.
Landmark: directional elements and as highlights of a district.
Human Factors Affecting Human Behavior
Physiological traits
Physical built-up
Health (mental health)
Hormones and neurochemicals c Genetics
Psychological Traits
Extraversion or surgency: talkativeness, energy, and assertiveness
Agreeableness: sympathy, kindness and affection
Conscientiousness: organized, through and able to make and execute plans
Neuroticisms: tension, moodiness, and anxiety: reverse of emotional stability
Openness: having wide interests, being imaginative and insightful
Psychological Traits by Briggs-Myers test (Four Personality Dichotomy)
Introvert-Extrovert
Sensory-intuitive
Thinker-Feeler
Judger-Perceiver
Other studies of Psychology c Screener: individuals with strong ability to screen out unwanted environmental stimuli.
Non-screener: individuals with poor ability to screen out unwanted environmental stimuli
Behaviors Affected by the Capacity
Perception
Cognition
Memory or recall
Gestalt Psychology
Similarity
Proximity
Continuity Closure
Equilibrium o Figure and Ground
DESIGNING THE USE OF SPACE: METHODS AND PROCESSES
Design - Activity of generating proposals that change something that already exists into something that is better.
Design Processes
Jones (A method of systematic design)
Divergence (production of programme of requirements)
Transformation (structuring the problem, conceiving partial solution, transformation
Convergence (combination of partial solutions, evaluation of different designs)
Three Main Phases in the Design Process according to Jones ( 1982)
Analysis: describing the problem in its entirety and breaking it down into individual components, identifying each requirement the design has to satisfy and arranging the results to form a consistent set of performance requirements.
Synthesis: developing solutions for parts of the problem and ways of satisfying special performance requirements and achieving the best possible integration of partial solutions into a complete design.
Evaluation: determining the extent to which total or partial solutions satisfy the requirements set in advance.
Foque' s Three Stages of Design:
Structuring Stage: preparatory phase of problem analysis:
Creative Stage: where people come up with new ideas potentially leading to new solutions
Informational Stage: where abstract knowledge is coded and converted into messages and signals
VITRUVIUS AND ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ON ANTIQUITY
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Simply known as “Vitruvius”
Famous Roman military engineer & architect for Julius Ceasar during the 1st Century B.C.
The prominent architectural theorist during the Roman Empire
Wrote De Architectura
Translates to: On Architecture
Now known as The Ten Books on Architecture
He describes architecture as the imitation of nature.
The first Roman architect to have written surviving records on his field
De Architectura (On Architecture)
Written in Latin and Greek on architecture
It was a book dedicated to Emperor Augustus of the Roman Empire
Only preserved contemporary source of classical architecture
Greek House Plan by Vitruvius
The Vitruvian Man
Was used to study anthropometrics
Created by Leonardo Da Vinci during year 1487
Anthropometrics
The study of human body measurements including height, weight, and reach ranges
Studied by designers to create function
Fundamental Principles of Architecture Accdg. to Vitruvius
Order
Considered separately and has symmetrical agreement to proportions
Arrangement
Putting things in proper places
Symmetry, Eurythmy, Propriety, and Economy
Form of Expression
Groundplan
Elevation
Perspective
Threefold Principles of Vitruvius
“A structure must be firm, useful & beautiful”
Firmitas – Firmness or Durability; The Building has an unending war with gravity
Utilitas – Utility or Commodity; Every building must serve a specific utility. Religious, education, civic, etc.
Venustas – Beauty or Delight; How color & light interrelate with each other’s building
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
“Middle ages” or “dark age
Existed after the fall of the Roman Empire and rise of Holy Roman Empire
Abbot Suger
Medieval Architecture
Passed on architectural’s knowledge by transcription, lodges of master builders, and word of mouth
Most of his works were theological
Wrote Book of St. Denis
Book of St. Denis
What was done during his administration
Was an architectural document that emerged with Gothic Architecture
Villard de Honnecourt’s Portfolio
Drawings from 1230s
Architectural Styles
Gothic
Romanesque
Gothic Period
Birth of Gothic
Sugert’s ambition with thoroughly remodelling the Abbey Church if Saint-Denis in France
Basillica of Saint Denis
First church in the Gothic Period
Became the template of the Gothic Churches
Characteristics of Gothic Churches
Has beams princes or Preachers
Pavement foundation
Lattice work of windows
Glass windows with holy scriptures
Piers
Doors
Flying buttresses
Gargoyles
Rose Window
Abbey Church of Saint Denis renovated by Abbot Suger
Upward Leading Method
One of Abbot Suger’s philosophies which influenced the design.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Giacomo Barozzi Vignola
Great Italian Architect of the 16th century
Five Orders of Architecture
Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura
Published during 1562 in Rome
One of the most successful architectural textbooks
Presented Vignola’s practical system for constructing columns
Devoted solely to consideration of the architectural orders and their proportions
Five classical orders
Tuscan
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Composite
Leon Battista Alberti
Architect, poet, linguist, humanist author, philosopher, and also a priest
Epitome of a renaissance man
He wrote De re aedificatoria On Building
De re aedificatoria
Also means “Old Building”
Bible of Renaissance Architecture
“Beauty is the adjustment of all parts proportionately so that one cannot add or subtract without impairing the harmony of the whole”
Sebastiano Serliio
Writer of Regole generali di architettura
Translates to: The General Rules of Architecture
Hidden Lines
“Architecture needs taught first by geometry & subsequently by the study of perspective”
Andrea Palladio
I quattro libre dell architettura
Translates to: The Four Books of Architecture
Describes his principles behind his architecture
Used for “Palladianism” or Palladian inspired classicism
Father of modern picture books architecture
Palladian Architecture
European style of architecture
Derived from the designs of Palladio
Palladian
Refers to buildings inspired by Palladio’s own work
Where Palladio’s work is based on:
Symmetry – symmetrical in two axis both facade & plan
Perspective
Values of the formal classical temple architecture for the Ancient Greeks & Romans (Greco-Roman style)
Philbert De L’orme
One of the French theorists who are critical of Italians
Perceptive Psychology
20TH CENTURY-ISMS
CLASSICISM / NEO-CLASSICAL
Features:
Symmetrical Shape
Triangular upper part of the front of the building
Sometimes have half sphere shaped roof
Tall columns by the entrance
Often appears as
National Museums
Ancient Greek / Ancient Roman Temples
Classical Block
Prominent Buildings in a country (In Philippines, most of them was built during post-war)
ECLECTICISM
Combination of variety of styles from other geographical regions throughout different eras in one architectural composition
Examples of Eclecticism Buildings
Basilica of the Sagrada Familia
Combination of Gothic style with Art Noveau motifs
Still under construction until today since 1882 century
Has explored multiple eras
Designed by Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Beaux Arts Approach
Richard Morris Hunt
Charles Follen McKim
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Transformed economies from agriculture & handicrafts into mechanized manufacturing & factory system
“The machines change the people’s way of life”
MODERNISM
Largely inspired by machine & abstract painting and sculpture
Usually characterized by
An emphasis of horizontal & vertical lines
Rejection of ornamentation
Simplification of form
Elimination of “unnecessary detail”
Louis Sullivan
“Form follows function”
Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright
Father of skyscrapers & modernism
Famous Chicagoan Architect
Frank Lloyd Wright
Greatest American architect of all time
“The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own civilization.”
Prairie Style
Prairie Style
Low slung, horizontal lines of the American Prairie landscape
Lengthy rows of windows
Low pitch roofs
Absence of basements or attics
Interior walls were minimized to create an open floor plan
Adolf Loos
Ornament Und Verbrechen
Translates to: Ornament & Crime
Essay filled with his strong agreement to modern theorists regards ornament
Otto Wagner
Opposed architectural eclecticism as a realist
“The sole departure for our artistic work can only be modern life”
Function of architecture is more important that form or style
Utility style is the style for the future
Wagner’s stations used in Art Nouveau style defined curvilinear and soft angular forms, organic motifs, and geometric designs
Le Corbusier
Architecture is a brilliant, orthodox, and original jigsaw puzzle of masses combined in light.
BRUTALISM
Reinforced concrete construction
An architectural style that was adapted during post war, limiting themselves due to lack of resources and mainly used precast concrete slabs
Common features
Precast concrete slabs
Rough unfinished surfaces
Exposed steel beams
Sculptural shapes
FUNCTIONALISM
Form follows function
Functionalist architects design utilitarian structures in which the interior program dictates the outward form, without regard to such traditional devices as axial symmetry and classical proportions.
Formalism
Emphasizes form
Futurism
Long dynamic lines, suggested speed, motion, urgency & lyricism
Minimalism
Placed on the outline oor frame of the structure
Cubism
Centered in dissolution & reconstitution of 3D forms
EXPRESSIONISM
Architectural movement that developed in Northern Europe since first decades of the 20th century
Characteristics of Expressionism
Early modernist adoption of novel materials
Formal innovation
Unusual massing
Sometimes were inspired by natural biomorphic forms
New technical possibilities offered by mass production of brick, steel & glass
Most prolific architects & designers of expressionist movement (which has influenced contemporary modernism)
Eero Saarinen
Alvar Aalto
Oscar Niemeyer
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Use of modern materials:
Glass
Steel
Emphasizing function & structure over ornamental decoration
Characteristics of International style
Box type
Open floor plans
Mainly uses glass and steel
Reinforced concrete construction
Little to no ornamentations
Flat surfaces
Philip Johnson
Luxurious in scale & materials
Emphasizes symmetry & elegance
“All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains cuddles. Exalts, or stimulates the person in that space”
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
No particular style
Philosophy comes first
Uses steel & concrete frames
“Less is more.”
“Skin and bones.”
Walter Gropius
Founder of BAUHAUS
BAUHAUS
Combines art with fine arts & crafts and contemporary art
BAUHAUS Characteristics
Form follows function
There is no border between artists & craftsman
Minimalism
Use of technology
Integrity of materials
ART NOUVEAU
From classical to modern
“New Art” or “New Style” in English
“Jugendstil” in German
Use of asymmetrical shapes
Combination of nature & industry
Has organic decor
Birds, plants, and humans
Emphasis on female form
Surfaces was done in terra cotta, a baked earthen clay, colorful glazed tile, and mosaic
ART DECO
Manifested between World War 1 and World War 2 (1920 – 1939)
Art deco was incorporated by the Americans during 1920 into cultural landscape in urban areas
Decorative ideas
Egyptian motifs
Nature
Nude female figures
Animals
Foliage
Sun Rays
Influences
Bold geometric forms
Bright colors
Sometimes mixed with Egyptian Architecture
Metallic
Zigzag motif
Characteristics
Curving forms
Nautical elements
Porthole windows
Viewing decks
Horizontal elements
Horizontal plans
Round corners
Glass Blocks
Flat roof
Cubism
POST – MODERNISM
Lack of historical reference
Often described as theatrical
Trying to create instant or neo-history
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
Seeks to arrive at new forms of expression
Tends to produce a sense of dislocation
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Modern architecture in the Soviet Union
Uses advanced engineering methods and structural innovation
Exposes rather than concealing building joints
– NOTHING FOLLOWS –
This approach enhances both aesthetic appeal and functionality, allowing for greater flexibility in design and improved maintenance access.