Topic	Definition/Explanation
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)	Established by FDR in 1941 to prevent racial discrimination in war industries and government jobs.
The Double V Campaign	A movement by African Americans advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.
Signs of the Civil Rights Movement	Early protests, legal challenges, and organizations advocating for racial equality during and after WWII.
African American view of Four Freedoms	Many Black Americans saw FDR’s Four Freedoms (speech, worship, want, fear) as unfulfilled promises due to segregation and discrimination.
“What the Negro Wants”	A 1944 book compiling essays from Black leaders outlining their demands for equality and civil rights.
CIO/African Americans in Unions	The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was more inclusive of Black workers compared to the AFL.
Frank Dixon/Response of Southern Whites	Alabama Governor Frank Dixon and other Southern leaders resisted racial integration and federal civil rights policies.
National War Labor Board (NWLB)	Mediated labor disputes during WWII; sometimes enforced non-discrimination policies.
Smith v. Allwright (1944)	Supreme Court case that ruled White-only primaries unconstitutional, a victory for Black voting rights.
An American Dilemma/Gunnar Myrdal	A study on race relations in the U.S. highlighting contradictions between American ideals and racial inequality.
Black Internationalism	African Americans connected their struggle for civil rights with global anti-colonial movements.
Connection - African American Experience and Colonialism	Black activists drew parallels between U.S. racial discrimination and colonial oppression.
Paul Robeson	African American actor, singer, and activist who supported civil rights and socialist causes.
The End of the War	WWII concluded in 1945 with the defeat of Germany and Japan.
Battle of the Bulge	A major German offensive in December 1944; the Allies eventually repelled it.
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)	Victory in Europe Day; Germany surrendered to the Allies.
Battle of Leyte Gulf	The largest naval battle of WWII, securing U.S. dominance in the Pacific.
The Most Terrible Weapon	A reference to the atomic bomb, emphasizing its unprecedented destruction.
Election of 1944	FDR won a fourth term, defeating Thomas Dewey.
Harry Truman	Became president after FDR’s death; made the decision to drop atomic bombs.
Albert Einstein	His letter to FDR led to the development of the atomic bomb.
Manhattan Project	Secret U.S. project to develop nuclear weapons.
The Dawn of the Atomic Age	The beginning of the nuclear era after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)	First city targeted with an atomic bomb.
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)	Second city hit with an atomic bomb, leading to Japan’s surrender.
Why the bomb? (Foner’s view)	Historian Eric Foner argues the bomb was dropped to end the war quickly and assert U.S. power.
The Nature of War	WWII saw total war strategies, including targeting civilians.
Civilians as targets in the war	Strategic bombings of cities like Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki.
John Hersey/Hiroshima	A book detailing the human cost of the atomic bomb.
Yalta and Bretton Woods	Conferences shaping the postwar world order.
Yalta Conference	Allied leaders planned postwar Europe, including Germany’s division.
Stalin’s pledge – Pacific War	Stalin promised to join the war against Japan after Germany’s defeat.
Poland/Eastern Europe	Yalta decisions led to Soviet control, sparking Cold War tensions.
Seeds of the Cold War	U.S.-Soviet distrust, nuclear arms race, ideological conflicts.
Bretton Woods Conference	Established the postwar global financial system.
World Bank	Provides financial aid for global development.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Stabilizes currencies and prevents economic crises.
The United Nations	Founded in 1945 to promote global peace and cooperation.
General Assembly vs. Security Council	The General Assembly includes all member nations, while the Security Council makes binding decisions with veto power for major powers.
Role of U.S. in World Affairs – WWI vs. WWII	Isolationist after WWI; became a global leader post-WWII.
Peace, But Not Harmony	Postwar conflicts like the Cold War and decolonization struggles.
World Powers at the end of WWII	The U.S. and the USSR emerged as superpowers.
Cold War Origins	Ideological and geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the USSR.
Atlantic Charter	1941 agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining postwar goals.
Gandhi – End of WWII/Colonialism, Asian Americans in Wartime	Gandhi’s resistance to British rule; Asian Americans faced discrimination but served in the military.
Pacific War Propaganda	Anti-Japanese propaganda fueled racism and wartime unity.
Issei vs. Nisei	Issei: First-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei: U.S.-born Japanese Americans.
Executive Order 9066	Ordered the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Internment Camps	Detention centers for Japanese Americans, violating civil liberties.
Robert Taft	Criticized internment as unconstitutional.
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)	Supreme Court upheld internment as a wartime necessity.
Blacks and the War	African Americans fought in WWII but faced segregation and discrimination.
Evidence of continued racial discrimination	Jim Crow laws, segregation in the military, and housing discrimination.
Great Migration Part 2	Wartime demand for labor led many Black Americans to migrate north.
Blacks and Military Service	Served in segregated units; some gained more rights postwar.
Roles of African Americans prior to WWII	Often confined to low-paying jobs; limited military roles.
Evidence of continued discrimination in the military	Segregated units, fewer promotions, and unequal treatment.
Birth of the Civil Rights Movement	WWII’s contradictions fueled postwar activism for racial equality.
A. Philip Randolph	Led the March on Washington Movement, pushing for fair employment and desegregation.

22.3 Eric foner's 'give me history' APUSH