Week 5 ish
Here are your flashcards:
The Nineteenth-Century Transition
Q: What major political movement characterized the 1800s?
A: Nationalism.
Q: What countries were born from 19th-century nationalism?
A: Italy, Germany, and Belgium.
Q: What was the dominant musical style in the 19th century?
A: A combination of European classical genres (symphony, sonata, opera, concerto) with local character.
The Birth of Modern Latin America
Q: What inspired Latin America’s independence movements?
A: The U.S. independence from Britain.
Q: What was the goal of Latin American revolutionaries?
A: To become republics free of Spanish and Portuguese rule.
Q: What happened in the 1820s regarding Latin American independence?
A: Wars for freedom; Spain granted independence to most colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Q: How did Brazil gain independence?
A: Peacefully, as the Portuguese monarchy fled from Napoleon, allowing Brazil to rule independently.
Mexico
Q: How did Spanish rule impact Mexico?
A: It left a lasting influence on language, religion, and culture.
Q: Why did the U.S. covet Northern Mexico?
A: For the expansion of slavery.
Q: What battle took place on May 5, 1862?
A: The Battle of Puebla.
Q: What happened in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)?
A: The U.S. provoked war, and Mexico lost 40% of its territory.
Manuel Ponce (1882-1948)
Q: Who was Manuel Ponce?
A: A Mexican composer and pianist, a pioneer in late-Romantic and early Modern music.
Q: How did Ponce incorporate Mexican culture into his music?
A: He studied and imitated local music.
Q: What is Concierto del Sur known for?
A: Its nationalist elements, including guitar and Spanish harmonies.
Q: Who was Andres Segovia?
A: A guitarist and close friend of Ponce who interpreted his works.
Carlos Chávez (1899-1978)
Q: Who was Carlos Chávez?
A: Mexico’s leading 20th-century composer and a student of Ponce.
Q: What was Chávez’s musical style?
A: Celebrated Mexico’s indigenous culture, similar to Diego Rivera’s art.
Q: What is Sinfonia India?
A: A symphony using Native melodies and indigenous instruments.
Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940)
Q: What was Revueltas known for?
A: Avant-garde, experimental compositions with pre-Columbian and African influences.
Q: What is Sensemaya?
A: A programmatic work depicting an Afro-Cuban ritual.
Q: What musical techniques define Sensemaya?
A: Irregular rhythms, syncopation, unusual timbres, and heavy percussion.
Salvador Ley (1907-1985)
Q: Who was Salvador Ley?
A: A Guatemalan composer and pianist who studied in Berlin.
Q: What is La Balada del tiempo mozo?
A: A song reflecting on a misspent youth, inspired by Guatemalan folk music.
Cuba
Q: When did Cuba gain independence?
A: 1898, after Spain’s war with the U.S.
Q: What happened after Cuban independence?
A: The U.S. controlled Cuba for economic interests.
Q: What major event occurred in Cuba in 1959?
A: The Cuban Revolution under Fidel Castro.
Ernesto Lecuona (1895-1963)
Q: Who was Ernesto Lecuona?
A: A Cuban pianist, composer, and bandleader.
Q: What does La Conga de Media Noche represent?
A: Afro-Cuban rhythms and dance, associated with Carnival.
Key Terms
Q: What is nationalism in music?
A: Composers incorporating elements of national identity in their music.
Q: What is modernism?
A: A movement combining innovation with traditional influences.
Q: What is folklore?
A: The preservation of pre-capitalist cultural expressions.
Q: What is folklorization?
A: Turning organic cultural practices into staged representations.
Musical Nationalism in Latin America
Q: How was nationalism expressed in Latin American music?
A: Through the incorporation of local instruments, rhythms, and folk elements into European classical genres.
The -isms
Q: What is indigenism?
A: A movement emphasizing Indigenous culture in Latin America.
Q: What is primitivism in music?
A: A style representing the primitive and elemental, often with strong rhythms and dissonance.
This should help you study more efficiently! Let me know if you want any changes. 🚀