CHC2D - Final Exam

Political Spectrum

Based on the French Legislative Assembly in 1791 under Louis XVI

• Conservatism - preserve the status qui, oppose change

• Reaction - throw back the forces of change, restore the old order

• Fascism - mobilize the nation for war, suppress pluralism to achieve unity through orthodoxy

• Radicalism - go to the roots of problems, change the foundations of society

• Socialism - advance the interest of society against the interests of elites

• Communism - abolish private property to achieve equality and social harmony, suppress pluralism to achieve unity through orthodoxy

• Liberalism - expand the scope of freedom, accept change, assert the primacy of individual rights, develop market economy and political pluralism

End of World War One

• Decisive year in 1917 (USA joins, Russia withdraws, victories at Vimy and Passchendaele)

• Canada’s 100 days beginning August 1918

• Armistice signed for 11am, November 11, 1918

• 8.5 million dead, 21 million wounded

Treaty of Versailles

• Signed on June 28, 1919

• Negotiations between “Big Three”

  • Georges Clemenceau of France - Germany should be brought to its knees

  • Woodrow Wilson of USA - Proposed 14 points to support peace, created League of Nations

  • David Llyod George of Britain - Make Germany pay

• Addresses MAIN

  • Militarism - Germany can have an army of 100,000, no air force, no submarines, 6 navy ships, Rhineland was turned into DMZ (Allies would occupy)

  • Alliances - Austria-Hungary dismantled, Yugoslavia formed, Italy switched sides, League of Nations formed

  • Imperialism - Lost Alsace-Lorrain, overseas colonies, and other land taken from Russia (Brest-Litovsk, 1918), had to pay reparations, League of Nations took African colonies

  • Nationalism - Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) - Germany had to admit full responsibility

• Offended, humiliated, and betrayed Germany

  • Believed they would have a say in the Treaty

  • Had the opportunity to sign or be invaded

  • The Weimar Republic was formed

• Gave Canada international status - Borden ensured Canada had representation on the British delegation, two seats at the Paris Peace conference, signed the Treaty under the UK, received representation in the League of nations

Totalitarianism

• After WWI, dynasties were overthrown, poverty and inflation were rampant, so totalitarianism rose in Fascism and Stalinism, first appearing in the Russian October Revolution

• Totalitarianism: all aspects of human society should be subordinate to the state

• Information was controlled to align with the leading party’s “truth” (censorship and propaganda)

Communist Soviet Union

• Nationalism and patriotism are used by capitalists

• The proletariat should have only ruled temporarily, but it lasted much longer - Bolsheviks were run by Lenin

• “Peace, Land, and Bread” was used to gain power in 1917

• Vicious civil war until 1922 and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was proclaimed

• Stalinist Regime used secret police force (Cheka/KGB) to root out opposition to Communism, especially during the Civil War, and killed those with a bourgeois/middle class profession

• Abolished private ownership of land, caused food shortages/famine

• A middle class ended up developing

• The state and party were very close, led by the Politburo (vanguard of the proletarian revolution) who had special privileges

• Stalin launched his five-year plan, and the government controlled everything

• Stalin purged opposition between 1933-1938

Fascism

• Mussolini was conscripted, became corporal, and became a fierce nationalist who wanted the Risorgimento - the unification of all Italian people

• Formed the squadristi/Black Shirts who opposed socialism and converged on Rome in 1922 (overthrew the government)

• Promoted Fascist ideals, censored media, abolished opposition, and re-armed the country, invaded Ethiopia in 1935

• Mussolini was called “Il Duce”

Nazi Germany

• Humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles

• Economic crisis and extreme inflation, printed more money when they fell behind in reparations

• Middle class was impoverished, disillusioned with the government

• Nazis gained power, Brownshirts abolished by the SS

• Nuremberg Laws were put in place in 1935, Jews deprived of all citizenship rights

• Gestapo was established as a secret police who rooted out opposition

• Coordination of churches, public works programme, re-armament, coordination of labour, children were indoctrinated, “Kraft durch Freude,” and the economic self-sufficiency independent of foreign trade made Germany seem like it was improving to its citizens

• Hitler becomes Fuhrer in 1933

League of Nations

• Proposed at Paris Peace conference (1919) by Woodrow Wilson, but America did not sign (isolationism) (Wilson vs Lodge)

• Guarantees political independence and territorial integrity, first IO for peace

• Tensions between idealism and realpolitik

• Preserves peace through the principle of collective security and improves economic and social conditions in the world

• Used verbal sanctions, economic sanctions, and military force (but there was no army)

• Made of the assembly, council (Britain, France, Italy, Japan), International Court of Justice, Secretariat, International Labour Organization

• Located in Geneva, Switzerland, which was neutral

• The US did not join, Britain and France did not fully support it, there was no military force, the Council needed unanimous votes, and losing nations were not invited to join at first

• The League organized the Washington Naval Conference (limits navies)(1921), intervened between Greece and Bulgaria (1925), facilitates Kellogg-Briand Pact (uses peaceful methods to resolve problems)(1928), Locarno Treaty (respects German/French border)(1925), humanitarian successes, oil sanctions against Mussolini

• Kellogg-Briand pact between US Secretary of State and French FM, with 64 signatures

• Expanded until 1946 (Austria, Hungary, Germany, USSR)

• Britain and France invaded the Ruhr in 1923, violating the League’s policy

• Italy bombed Corfu in 1923, and was supported by Britain and France

• Japan invaded Manchuria, China in 1931, but the League did not intervene

• Hitler withdrew, and began rearmament in 1935

• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and the League did not intervene

• German troops invaded the Rhineland in 1936 without intervention

• Italy and Germany supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War, and USSR fighters supported the left, and Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion supported Communists

• Balance of Power - scientific law, iron law, and art - some states are powerful, while some are comparatively weak; actors increase capability and negotiate; actors do not eliminate an essential actor; weaker nations rely upon allies

Great Depression

• Caused by: reliance on exports to other countries; over production of goods and over-expansion; high tariffs; dependence on too few products; overdependence on the United States as a market and investment source; low standard of living for many; overly optimistic about the future; overuse of credit; buying stocks on margin; little financial regulation in US vs Canada

• Stock Market Crash, “Black Tuesday,” October 29, 1929 - people bought so much on stocks and lost it all

• Drought in the Prairies for nearly a decade (1929), only wheat was planted, created Dust Bowls, and 14,000 farms were abandoned, grasshoppers destroyed wheat fields

• Less demand for fish, so there were less profits and more workers laid off

• Mackenzie King did not give a “five-cent piece,” but created basic jobs for employment

• Bennett won the election in 1930, who tried to secure trading opportunities abroad, but still had no unemployment insurance, Bennett Buggies, Bennett Burghs, and Bennett blankets

• Immigration decreased, suicide increased, 1/5 depended on government relief, ¼ were unemployed

• Regina Riot - July 1, 1935 with strikers and RCMP

• Bennett’s New Deal, inspired by FDR, introduces minim wage, maximum work week, unemployment insurance, retirement pensions, health insurance, mortgage assistance for farmers, but struck down by Privy Council as it violates Section 92 of the BNA

• Mackenzie King was re-elected in October of 1935

• The public support of the riots set the tone for social welfare reforms

Causes of WW2

• Treaty of Versailles gave Germans grievances that Hitler exploited

• Emergence of countries (Germans were living in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria)

• Rise of Fascism (Nazi Germany and Mussolini), as well as Fascism in Canada (Adrien Arcand)

• Failure of League of Nations that followed non-intervention and appeasement

• Formation of Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1937)

• Molotov-Ribbentrop pact that divided Poland (1939)

• Germany invades Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, Britain, France declare war (Sept. 3) and Canada (Sept. 10)

• Hitler annexes Austria in 1938 and demands Sudetenland (Munich Agreement)

• Germany annexes Czechoslovakia in 1939, and Britain and France promis Poland support

Canada at the Start of WW2

• Mackenzie King was slow to remilitarize, but pledged support for Britain

• Declares war as an independent nation for the first time

Start of WW2

• Germany used Blitzkrieg to overwhelm Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France

• Miracle at Dunkirk - May/June 1940 - 338,000 troops saved by boat, including 4 Canadian ships

• France surrenders June 25, Germans set up in Vichy

Battle for the Atlantic

• September 3, 1939 - May 8 1945

• Canada had 4th largest navy by the end of WW2

• Canada would send materials, food, and supplies/weapons to Britain via boats

• Used Corvettes and RCAF to protect

• 1941 - Radar systems invented and installed

• 1942 - Cracked German enigma codes

• U-boats hunted Allies, so Canada used Convoy Systems to bring them halfway

• Black Pit - are beyond aircraft protection (Greenland Gap)

• Degaussing (Canadian) demagnetized ships

Battle of Britain

• Luftwaffe would destroy aircraft factories, airfields, and radar stations

• ¼ of Allied air force was Canadian

• The Blitz - September 1940-May 1941

German Invasion of the Soviet Union

• Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941, violating the Non-Aggression Pact

• Russia initially struggled due to the purges, and Germans almost reached Moscow

• The winter halted Germany

• Hitler lost at Stalingrad (Sept. 1942 - Feb. 1943)

Japanese Invasion of Pearl Harbour

• FDR froze Japanese assets in the US

• A militant general, Hideki Tojo, became Japan’s leader

• December 7, 1941 - Japanese bombed attacked the US naval base in two waves

• US declared war on Japan (a date which will live in infamy)

• Germany and Italy declared war on the US on December 11

Canadians in Hong Kong

• Canadians went to the British territory, and eventually surrendered on December 25, 1941

• Many harsh conditions for prisoners of war

Canadians in Dieppe

• Western leaders did not want to fully attack, so they had a brief raid to test Germans

• August 19, 1942, 5000/6000 Canadian troops landed, and bore the brunt of the casualties

Canada’s War Plan

• Defence and security

• Production of food, supplies, and weapons for Allied forces

• Development and training of RCAF and RCN, as well as Canadian Army

• Mackenzie King appointed CD Howe as the Minister of Munitions and Supply (Minister of Everything)

• Used War Measures Act (rations, froze prices in 1941, dictated wages and production, censorship)

• Income taxes increased and Victory Bonds made nearly $12 billion, rations on sugar, tea, coffee, gas, and ration cards issued

• Canada was a granary, arsenal, airdrome, and shipyard of freedom (Mackenzie King)

• Industries such as shipyards and factories expanded

• If Day - Raised $2 billion

• National Resources Mobilization Act drafted 100,000 men for home service only

• King called for a plebiscite, but many in Quebec rejected

• Over 35,000 women volunteered in Army, Navy, Air Force

• 1.5 million worked in industries

• Many Japanese/Germans were viewed as dangerous, so they were put in internment camps, where they had to give up their belongings and forced to resettle

Operation Mincemeat and Canadians in Italy

• Allies are victorious in Africa, turn to Italy

• Dressed up a corpse as Captain William Martin and planted fake documents suggesting Allies would invade Greece and Sardinia

• Invaded Sicily from July 10 to August 17, 1943 under Operation Husky

• Italy surrenders Sept. 8, and Italy becomes divided

• Sept. 9, Americans and British go to Salerno and Taranto

• Canadians fought through Ortona while Mouse Holing, and won Dec. 1943

• Allies fought through Montecassino, Liri Valley, and eventually Rome in 1944

D-Day

• June 6, 1944

• Churchill and FDR decided to attack in Normandy because it was not obvious

• The enemy had to be ignorant of the landing site, unable to quickly reinforce, and open to the Allies by air and sea

• Operation Overlord - Utah, Omaha (America), Gold, Sword (British), Juno (Canadian)

• The Atlantic Wall (1942-1944) included pillboxes, guns, mines, barbed wire

• Paratroopers dropped the night before to secure bridges and bombers cleared obstacles

• 14,000 Canadians with 110 ships, Archie McNaughton was one of 5,000 who died

• A stalemate developed, Canadians helped capture Caen and Falaise

• Germany destroyed or retreated by August 21

Netherlands

• Canadians opened coastal ports and towns in Belgium and Netherlands like Antwerp

• Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds and 2nd Canadian Army secured Scheldt Estuary

• From October - November 1944

• Brought supplies and food in

• Used buffalo carriers, amphibious assaults, and flamethrowers

The End of WW2

• In April 1945, Hitler commits suicide and Mussolini was hung

• May 2 - The Reichstag falls and Berlin surrenders to Soviets

• VE Day - Victory in Europe (May 8, 1945)

• Allies won because of material superiority, more soldiers, better strategy, morale, and wealth

• Nuremburg Trials - A series of military tribunals held by the allied forces, crimes against humanity, peace, aggressive war, war crimes

• Canada enfranchised Canadians of Asian descent in 1947

The Holocaust

• Over 6 million Jews died in Holocaust genocide (Words, Isolation, Bystander vs Collaborator, Anti-semitism)

• Hitler convinced Germany that Jews were a threat, isolated them with propaganda and stripped rights in Nuremburg Rights, Kristallnacht (1938)

• Allies liberate camps in 1944/45

• Canada admitted 8,000 Jewish immigrants and 1000 orphans

Cree Code Talkers

• Indigenous Canadians used codes (ex. B17, Mustang) to avoid Japanese from knowing

Canadians Returning Home

• Large housing demand - social housing origins

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Harry Truman becomes president, decides to drop the bomb

• Aug. 6, 1945 - Paul Tibbets on the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima

• August 11 - Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki

• August 15 - Hirohito surrenders

• Over 200,000 died

Why America Dropped the Bomb

• The idea came from Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, and Truman discussed it with Stalin and Churchill in Potsdam

• 1- Military weapon: the war in the Pacific was expensive and cost many lives (Iwo Jima and Okinawa)

• 2- Revenge - Pearl Harbour and revenge for POWs

• 3- Frighten the Russians - Stalin did not trust Truman, and Russia had their own bombs

• 4- To test the weapon

The United Nations

• Formed Jan. 1, 1942, with 26 nations, endorsed Atlantic Charter

• John Humphreys drafted the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• 1945, 50 nations set up the UN to discuss issues and international laws

• Security council - US, Russia, China, Britain, France

• 1948 - Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Pearson established a peacekeeping force to stabilize situations

• Peacekeeping - the deployment of international personnel with the consent of parties to stop/contain hostilities, supervise the carrying out of a peace agreement, assist with humanitarian relief, human rights, and nation-building

• Peacekeeping is international forces, civilian participation, created peace, needs consent, is impartial, with minimum force

• Allows cooling off/disengagement, supports agreements made, provides security for civilians

Soviet Threat

• Soviet Union took over several Eastern European countries, disregarding the Yalta agreement

• Countries joined together in the Brussels Treaty against communism

• NATO was formed in August 1949, bound together in peaceful coexistence and protected from communist aggression

The Cold War

• Divided the world into East vs West from 1946 -1989

• Causes of the Cold War: Mutual suspicions, disputes during WW2, Russia’s late entry into the war against Japan, US drops bomb, West’s nuclear monopoly, administration of occupied Germany, Communism, Winston Churchill’s speech

• Berlin Wall - distrust between Soviets and US, Soviets blockade in June 1948, US and British planes airlift supplies to residents, Soviet lifts blockade

• Economic competition and military competition (arms race for nuclear weapons)

• Hydrogen bomb - 1952 by US, USSR drops less than a year later, thousands of warheads by 1972

• Espionage - Gouzenko Affair (1945), Rosenburg Spy Case (1951)

• Propaganda - dirty, rotten commies, red menace, McCarthy had loyalty trials

• War by proxy - 1950 - US assisted South Koreans against Communist North Korea

• Eight-game series of hockey in 1972 which Canada won

• Space Race - Sputnik in 1957, satellites could attack enemies

• NATO and the Warsaw Pact - 1956 Soviet alliance

• China (1949) - Mao Tse-tung and communists take over, Sino-Soviet Treaty

• There were enough weapons on both sides to ensure Mutually Assured Destruction

• In the Red Scare, even Canada feared possible bombs

St Laurent and Diefenbaker

• St. Laurent - 1948 - Minister of justice, then PM

• Labour movement - Ford Strike, Rand formula (all workers in a unionized industry are part of the union, union dues must be paid, unions can negotiate), all workers benefit from gains achieved by the union

• Government gave money to some provinces to provide some equality

• Peace, order, and good government (BNA 91, 92, 93) - provincial jurisdiction, decentralized government

• Resource industries boomed, people cashed in Victory bonds

• Welfare State - Unemployment Insurance (1940), Family Allowance (1941), National Housing (1944), Old Age Security Act (1951), Old Age Assistance Act (1951)

• Tariffs protected Canadian businesses (encourages domestic production)

• Many Canadian factories were American-owned

• Conservative landslide in 1958, claimed not to be a sellout like St. Laurent

• Avro Arrow 1953 - Advanced, supersonic, twin-engined, all-weather interceptor jet

• 1959 - All plans and prototypes were destroyed; 14,000 fired

• Scientist and engineers to the US, Canada relies on US again for interceptor

• Canada and the USA signed NORAD and would intercept Soviet Aircraft, Canada is a warning system

Canada’s Role in the New World Order

• Middle power/peacemaker, noticeable military power, held influence, global mediator

The 1950’s

• New slang, immigration increased, the hula hoop, Barbie, more phones

• Suburbs and cars became more prevalent - own a home, car, and white picket fence, stimulated home and car industries

• William Levitt - Mass production techniques for real estate development

• Music - Elvis (Heartbreak Hotel), rock n roll from black RnB

• Television - sports (Grey Cup in 1952), dramas, soap operas, Front Page Challenge, radio networks turned into programs, main news source

• Vacations to provincial parks became popular

• Hockey - Jacques Plants, innovator of hockey (goalie masks), played from 1953-1963

• Thomas Eadie - Microwave system for radio and tv

• Mount Everest was conquered

• Viola Desmond was sold a balcony ticket

• Inuits were starving to death

• Charlotte Whitton in 1951, Ellen Fairclough and James Gladstone in cabinet

• Rise of Civil Rights Movement - Little Rock Central High School , Rosa Parks (1955)

• Baby boom peaking in 1957

• Traditional gender norms reinforced, women were encouraged to rear children

• Canadian Culture (Can-Con) that set regulations for radio and tv, Massey Commission in 1957

• Conspicuous Consumerism, economic growth, economic expansion, unemployment at 5%, government spending stimulated the economy for social programs, individual prosperity

• Middle class grew, consumer credit increased by 800%

• White collared workers outnumbers blue-collar workers

• Dishwashers, garbage disposals, televisions, and stereos embraced

• Dams, power stations, roads, infrastructure, and oil industry in Alberta created expansion

• Sprawling cities made population magnets

• Pasteur and Lister found sulfa drugs against blood infections

• Mass production of penicillin and vaccines

• Jonas Salk invented polio cure in 1954

• Life expectancy increased to 71

• Television antennae, transistors, integrated circuits, computers, UNIVAC, International Business Machines became more common

• Hydrogen bombs (Ivy Mike) tested in US and USSR

• ICBMs developed by both sides, Polaris could be launched from a submarine

Korean War

• 1950-53, 25,000 Canadians served

• Communist North Korea vs South Korea, after NK invaded 38th parallel

• US helped under the Truman doctrine, had to stop Communism in Asia

• UN allowed military intervention in Korea, 16 nations fought, 5 million casualties

• China entered in 1951, and Truman had peace talks with NK

• Armistice of Panmunjom was signed on July 27, 1953

The 1960’s

• Man and His World at the expo67, over 50 million people

• Pearson lit the Centennial Flame

• Hippie fashion, , Global Village (technology unites the world), Neil Young, Leonard Cohen, The Guess Who

• Anyone who had required skills and education could be admitted, many Caribbean and Asian

• 1960 - Indigenous people had the right to vote, 1965 (Alberta) and 1969 (Quebec)

• Formed National Indigenous Council - Improve conditions for Indigenous Peoples

• Tommy Douglas, Universal healthcare in 1968

• Canadian auto industry was failing, 1965 auto pact with the US removed tariffs

• Alberta Oil Sands (1964), population quadrupled

• The flag debate - red ensign used, Pearson wanted a national flag that represented Canada, let Canadians send in their own

• Northern Dancer wins Kentucky Derby (1964), Hockey League Expands (1967)

John Diefenbaker

• PM from 1957-60s, cut taxes, increased pensions, built roadways, railways, and schools

• Introduced Canada’s First Bill of Right - prevents future events of internment camps

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962 - American spy planes spot missile silos in Cuba

• John F Kennedy established a naval blockade of Cuba, US and USSR got close to nuclear war

• Canada did not get involved but established a DefCon 3

Vietnam War

• France wanted to recapture Vietnam, but were defeated in 1954

• America intervened in 1968 to stop Communism

• Canada served on 2 international truce commissions and served as diplomats

• Canadians supported America, engaged in espionage and suppressed news about defoliants, sold 12.5 billion dollars of food and war materials

• Unemployment in Canada dropped and Agent Orange was tested in New Brunswick and practiced carpet bombing over Alberta and Saskatchewan

• America could not defeat Vietnam by 1973, Saigon fell in 1975

Suez Crisis

• 1956 - Egypt seized Suez Canal, Israel attacked, Britain and France bombed

Lester B. Pearson

• Secretary of State for External Affairs (50s) and PM (1963-1968)

• Nobel Peace Price for deployment of UN peacekeepers in the Suez Crisis

• Essential to peace: free trade, checks on power, diplomacy, inter-cultural exchange

• Built UN and NATO

• Open and pragmatic, “face of peace”

• Advocated for Canada’s contribution to the Columbo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia

• International assistance was a powerful weapon against communism

• Saw human misery and poverty as sources of conflict, and reconceptualized the role of international assistance as an investment in a more secure and prosperous planet (builds conditions for peace)

• Changed the auto industry, protected Canadian businesses, CPP, extended healthcare

The 70’s

• Bell bottomed pants, disco, glam rock, punk rock

• Anik A1 was launched in 1972

• Canadian prosperity came to an end in the 70s (mechanization left many unemployed, unqualified factory workers, stagflation)

• Oil crisis - 1973 - OPEC raises oil prices, barrels go from $6 to $40 by 1979

• New unions begin to form, demand higher wages, manufacturers raise prices, Federal debt

Pierre Elliot Trudeau

• Pierre Elliot Trudeau (PM 1968-79, 80-84), Attorney General under Pearson, wants a Just Society - all Canadians should have equal opportunities

• Trudeaumania - he was attractive and relatable to the public

• Believed that we should be less dependent on our relationship with the USA - supported increased trade and cultural links with Cuba, China, and USSR

• More immigration, government spending creates jobs, more families with two incomes, wages go up

• Multiculturalism becomes the norm

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

• Irene Murdoch was assaulted by her husband, sought divorce, but lost all her property (1968)

• Court reverses decision in 1978 (Rothwell vs Rothwell)

• Led by Laura Sabia and Florence Bird

• Pension Plan includes stay at home moms

• Employment Insurance benefits for maternity leave

• RCMP open to women

• Textbooks that portray women

• 18 year minimum age for marriage

• Indigenous women do not lose their status when they married

• Humans Rights Commissions

• Federal Status of Women Council be established

The Quiet Revolution

• Quebec was seen as a nation in bloom, functioned well as an independent colony

• Defeated by Britain at the Plains of Abraham, 1759

• Quebec Act - attempt to secure loyalty of French population (religion, law), BNA act

• Feared British because very different culture, Britain deported Acadians

• English Canadians see Confederation between provinces, French see Confederation as between two peoples

• French outside Quebec are not safe - Metis revolt in Manitoba, Louis Riel hanged

• Other provinces strip away French rights

• Quebec believes WWI is a British war, outraged by conscription, men hiding were hunt down

• Conscription was passed, and Borden lost heavily in Francophone areas of Quebec

• Van Doos - Subject to more scrutiny and criticized for indiscipline

• French Canadians wanted to outgrow dependence and attachment to England

• In WWII, PM promises no conscription, tries for a referendum, loses in Quebec

• Holds a plebiscite in 1942, 72% Quebec votes no

• Decided to send troops in 1944, big protests from Quebec

• Before 1959 - Maurice Duplessis of Union Nationale, controlled province for decades, focused on keeping things traditional

• After 1959 - Jean Lesage (Liberal Party), Questions tradition, society becomes more secular, improves society, Francophones play an increased role in government and economy

• There is a growing sense that feds cannot protect interests of French Canada, controls Quebec’s economy, movement in the 60s to nationalize, wants to separate from Canada

• FLQ - terrorists, Front de Liberation du Quebec, more than 200 violent crimes, bombed Montreal stock exchange (1969)

• Anyone who was a part of FLQ was arrested without bail for 90 days to 5 years

• 1968 - Parti Quebecois forms, wins in 1976, promises a referendum, Rene Levesque is leader, desired sovereignty-association or complete sovereignty, improved social conditions and declared French the only official language in Quebec

• Trudeau makes Canada bilingual, official languages act (1969), Levesque responds with Charter of the French Language (Bill 101, 1977)

• Levels of separatism - Separate, Sovereignty, Sovereignty-Association, Partnership, Federalism, Unity

• In 1980 Referendum - Federalists (PM, Trudeau) vs Sovereigntists (Levesque), Levesque was popular with the young

• Peter Greyson poured red paint onto the Constitution

• Trudeau believes that changing the constitution would help address political and social issues, Patriating the Constitution - transfer of control from Britain to Canada

• 1981 - Kitchen Accord - Many members had supported the idea, but Levesque was left out

• Constitution Act - 1982, Elizabeth II signed, individual provinces can opt out of any amendment, notwithstanding clause (section 33)

• Meech Lake - 1987 - Recognized Quebec as a separate society, three judges on Supreme court, passed house of Commons but failed, Indigenous felt slighted

• Reform Party formed - did not like “distinct society clause,” felt erosion of Canadian identity

• Charlottetown Accord - 1992 - 25% of seats would be French, minority language rights protected, distinct society, failed

• 1995 referendum - Federalists (PM Jean Chretien) vs Sovereigntists (Parizeau, Parti Quebecois) - asked if Quebec should become sovereign

• 50.58% voted no, 49.72 votes yes

October Crisis

• FLQ kidnapped James Richard Cross in 1970 and Pierre Laporte

• Soldiers were out on streets

• War Measures Act was used during peacetime, 405 arrested

• October 17 - Pierre Laporte’s body was found dead

• Public turned against FLQ

Who Benefits from Confederation

• Trudeau freezes the Alberta oil prices, but Western provinces are bitter

• Government created corporations for economic sovereignty

• Co-operative Commonwealth Foundation, 1932, progressive, socialist, and labour groups, formed under Tommy Douglas, merged with Canadian Labour Congress to form the NDP in 1961, never held power nationally, but contributed greatly to the welfare state

• Trudeau created Anti-Inflation Board, struggles to find ways to limit spending without cutting social benefits, loses 1984 election

• Reform Party, economic conservatives, wanted an equal and elected Senate, Preston Manning

• Bloc Quebecois - formed by former members of Mulroney’s government after Meech Lake failed and promoted the interests of Quebec to lead it to sovereignty

Exam Questions

Short Answer - Defining Terms and Significance

Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty signed on June 28, 1919, to establish the terms Germany was to obey. The treaty limited Germany’s extreme militarism, many alliances, and colonies, as well as making Germany pay reparations and admit responsibility for the war.

October Crisis

• The events beginning on October 5th, 1970, where the FLQ, a pro-sovereignty terrorist organization in Quebec, kidnapped James Richard Cross, and later Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Labour minister. To retaliate against these actions, the government used the War Measures act and arrested over 400 people

United Nations

• The international peace organization, officially formed in 1945, that sought to improve worldwide social and economic conditions, by discussing international issues. It upheld the Universal Declaration of Human rights, and established a peacekeeping force to help maintain these rights

Constitution of 1982

• On April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II signed the Constitution, consisting of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the British North America Act. This act transferred control to Canada, and worked to keep the nation together by allowing provinces to opt out of amendments

Pierre Elliot Trudeau

• The PM from 1968-1979, 1980-1944, Trudeau worked to establish Canada as a separate nation and a united nation. He served as the voice of the Federalists during the 1980 Referendum, which ensured Canada stayed together. As well, he sought to achieve a just society in which the rights of Canadians are protected, so he created the Constitution signed in 1982, granting Canada autonomy.

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

• Founded in the 70s by Laura Sabia and Florence Bird, which sought to achieve rights for women in Canada, including pension plans, unemployment insurance, and a minimum legal age of 18.

Short Answer - Pearson

• Secretary of state for external affairs in the 50s, and Prime Minister from 1963-1968, established Canada as a peacekeeping nation. Helped establish NATO and the UN peacekeeping force, which he deployed to the Suez in 1956. He believed that human suffering was the core cause of instability, and that international assistance was the best way of assuring international stability

Short Answer - The Avro Arrow

• A program that began in 1953, but was later cancelled in 1959 by Diefenbaker. It was an advanced, supersonic interceptor jet aircraft that proved to be a benchmark in aerospace innovation. Allowed Canada to excel in an industry separate from the US. When the program was cancelled in 1959, possibly due to high costs, 14,000 were fired and the plans and prototypes were destroyed.

Short Answer - Conflict in Canada and Regional Parties

• The Co-operative Commonwealth Foundation, 1932, progressive, socialist, and labour groups, formed under Tommy Douglas, merged with Canadian Labour Congress to form the NDP in 1961, never held power nationally, but contributed greatly to the welfare state

• Reform Party, economic conservatives, believed in cutting programs, wanted an equal and elected Senate, Preston Manning, and firmly against Quebec’s demands

• Bloc Quebecois - formed by former members of Mulroney’s government after Meech Lake failed and promoted the interests of Quebec to lead it to sovereignty

Long Answer - French and English Relations in Canada

Long Answer - Canadian Autonomy and Evolution

-