AP Bio Evolution

Chapter 21 Objectives - Natural Selection

Bozeman Science Evolution — Science Videos

Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selection

1. Read Ch 21: Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Bozeman Science: 001 Natural Selection, 002 Natural Selection Examples

Bozeman : Genetic Drift

Biozone 1Evidence of Evolution 22a

1. Explain how Thomas Malthus influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace and how is he important to Darwin and the concept of natural selection?

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2. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.

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3. Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, and natural selection can cause evolution.

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4. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift.

5. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.

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6. Distinguish between stabilizing, directional, 

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7. Describe an example of an evolutionary trade-off in which the advantages of an adaptation outweigh its costs in the long run

8. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation and list the conditions a population must meet to maintain the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Explain why the equation is important conceptually. Biozone 291-292

9. Explain how a lethal recessive gene can be maintained in a population.

10. Explain why dominant alleles do not necessarily mean that the allele is more common in a population. Illustrate your explanation with the character polydactyly.

1. Describe Lamarck’s model for how adaptations evolve. Explain the challenges to Lamarck’s ideas with respect to current understandings of biology.

2. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.

3. Explain what Darwin meant by descent with modification.

4. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve.

5. Describe how Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle to formulate and support his theory of evolution.

II. Read ch 23: Species and their Formation

1. Good website for speciation…

2. Biozone 1 Speciation

1. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

   1. intasexual selection vs intersexual selection

2. Define a population and a species.

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3. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolation mechanisms.

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4. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.

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5. Describe some examples of adaptive radiation in the Galapagos Islands.

III. Read Ch 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Bozeman: Phylogeny

1. What is Phylogeny?

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2. How are phylogenetic trees constructed? Define Cladistics.  What is a clade…

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3. Describe divergent and convergent evolution

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4. Describe coevolution

Text p. 1188,  Biozone 

5. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures. 

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6. Describe Vestigial Structures

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Describe Homologous Proteins Biozone 305

7. What is the classification of humans in the Linnaean system (Kingdom thru species)

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V. Read ch 24: Evolution of Genes and Genomes

1. How do biologists align nucleotide and amino acid sequences they wish to compare, and how do they calculate the minimum number of changes that have occurred between pairs of aligned sequences?

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IV. Read ch 25: The History of Life on Earth

Bozeman: Abiogenesis, Origins of life

1. Describe the major events in Earth’s history from its origin up to 2 billion years ago. Include Earth formation, when life first appeared, and what forms of life existed.

Biozone 

2. Describe the timing and significance of the evolution of photosynthesis.

3. Describe the four stages of the hypothesis for the origin of life on Earth.

4. Describe the contributions that Oparin and Miller made toward developing a model for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. Describe the conditions and locations where most of these early organic reactions probably occurred on Earth.

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5. Describe the evidence that suggests that RNA was the first genetic material. Explain the significance of the discovry of ribozymes.

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1. Contrast the concept of spontaneous generation and the principle of biogenesis.

2. Describe the key properties of protobionts in the evolution of the first cells.

3. Describe the evidence that suggests that life first evolved on the seafloor near deep-sea vents.

V. Read Ch. 33 Animal Evolution