• study of body structure, shape and body parts

• relationships to one another

• gross anatomy - large body structures

  • heart

  • liver

  • bones

• microscopic anatomy - smaller structures

  • cells

  • tissues

anatomy and physiology:

• always related

• structure determines function

  • ex heart is a muscle and function is to pump blood

  • lungs arent muscles, tissues that exchange gas and provide oxygen

levels of structural organization

• chemical - atom

• microscopic - cells

• tissue level - tissues

• organ level - organs

• group or organs - organ system, form common purpose

11 organ systems

• integumentary: external covering, skin

• skeletal: bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints

• muscular: one function! shorten/contract movement

  • skeletal muscles are different from heart muscles and other hollow organs which move fluids

• nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors

  • sensory receptors

    • respond to irritants and/or stimuli

    • once detected - send messages by way or nerve impulses to the central nervous system (cns)

• cardiovascular: primary organs are heart and blood vessels

  • blood - transport nutrients, O2, hormones and more

    • wbc protect from invaders

  • heart - acts like a pump to pump blood to all body tissues

• lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen asnd tonsils

  • l vessels - return fluid leaked to blood vessels

  • l nodes - clenase blood and house immunity cells

• respitory: constant supply of O2, consists of nasal pasages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

• digestive: breaks down food and delivers it to the blood for distribution

  • organs - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum

• urinary: eliminate waste (nitrogen containing), excretory

  • breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids by body cells

  • flushes body in urine

• reproductive: offspring, male sperm, female egg

(MURDERS LINC)

metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in the body, regulated by hormones secreted by the endocrine system

homeostasis: body’s ability to maintain internal stable conditions

• homeo - same

• stasis - standing still

controls

• receptor - responds to change, stimuli

• control center - info flows receptor to receptor along afferent pathway

  • determines level, analyzes info and determines response

• effector - responds along efferent pathway

• positive feedback - blood clotting at birth, continual

• negative feedback - shuts off once order is restored

language of anatomy

• anatomical position: standard position

• plane: imaginary line

• sagittal section: cut lengthwise or longitudinal

  • midsagittal section: cut down center

• frontal section: divides into anterior and posterior, lengthwise plane

• transverse section: horizontal plane, divides into superior and inferior

body cavities

• dorsal

  • cranial cavity: bony skull

  • spinal cavity: houses spinal cord

• ventral vody cavity

  • thoracic cavity

  • abdominopelvic cavity

quadrants

regions