Unit 8 - Motivation & Emotion

MOTIVATION THEORIES

arousal theory

• human motivation seek optium level of arousal (too little bored, too much fear)

• task more complex, less rehears, more cognitive, less arousal needed

• yerkes-dodson law: upside down U shape

drive reduction theory

• push factor (needs, internal)

• drives satisfy needs (need then drive than behavior)

  • food then hungry than pushes to eat

• secondary drives: based on prior experience (achievement/belonging)

• need to maintain homeostasis

incentive theory

• pull factor (wants, external)

• environment that motivates behavior

instincts

• push factor

• unlearned behavior thru/out species

• common in dumb animals, modified by experience, doesnt meet human complexity

• ex. scared by large animal

lewin’s motivational conflicts theory

• approach-approach: want both options but must choose one

• approach-avoidance: want one thing but has repellent quality

• multiple approach-avoidance: want two things, both have ± quality

• avoidance-avoidance: dont want either but must choose one

marlowe’s hierarchy of needs

• phsyiological (hunger/thirst)

• safety (world organized/predictable)

• love/belonging (love, be loved)

• esteem (self esteem, achievement, respect)

• self actualization (need to live up to one’s fullest/unique potential

self-determination theory

• intrinsic (internal) motivations: do smth bc you like it

  • increase w/ sincere compliments

• extrinsic (external) motivations: do smth to get reward/avoid punishment

  • external motivator remove, behavior stops

• overjustification effect:

sensation-seeking theory

• why some crave excitement/new experience

• experience seeking: prefer new experience

• thrill/adventure seeking: desire for exciting physical activity

• disinhibition: act impulsively/take risks

• boredom suscesptibility: low tolerance for routine/repetitive activity

HUNGER MOTIVATION

internal factors

• hormones

  • ghrelin: go eat, increases hunger

  • leptin: makes you feel fool

• hypothalamus

  • lateral: on switch for hunger

    • lesioned: not hungry

    • stimulated: over eat, hungry

  • ventromedial: off siwtch for hunger

    • lesioned: over eat, hungry

    • stimulated: not hungry

• pituitary gland

external factors

• social factors

  • meals by clock, sight of others eating, social setings

• biological factors

  • based on primary drive, need food to live, might eat annything if hungry

EMOTION - THEORIES OF EMOTION

james-lange

• stimulus than 1st physical than 2nd emotion

  • beart than heart beats faster than fear

  • facial feedback effect: if smile happy, if frown sad

cannon-bard

• stimulus than 1st physical and 1st emotion (same time)

  • physical/emotion happen simultaneously

cognitive appraisal theories of emotion

• schacter two-factor:

  • stimulus than 1st physical/cognitive than 2nd emotion

    • thinking why its physically happening

    • think - physical

• lazarus theory:

  • stimulus than appraisal than 2nd emotion/physical

    • hearing scream at 3am vs 3pm at king dominion

    • think - situation

affect

• gen term for person feeling, include emotion/mood (physical pres)

distress

• overwhelming, debilitating (external), lack resources

eustress

• when stress is motivating (internal), good resources

emotion - broaden/build theory of emotion

• positive emotions expand cognitive abilities/help build long term resources

  • personal growth, more positive emotions

  • faster cardiovascular recovery

emotion - display rules

• culturally specific norms that dictate how, when, and to whom emotions should be expressed

  • ex. japenese hiding emotion in front of boss, american doesn’t

stress - general adaptation syndrome

• stage 1

  • alarm

  • sysmpathetic nervous system, cortisol up = stress up (adrenal gland)

• stage 2

  • resistance

  • getting ready to fight, flight, or freeze

• stage 3

  • exhaustion

  • greatest susceptibility to illness

    • fatigue, health problems, longest phase

stress - coping

• problem focused coping

  • addressing source of stress

    • find solution, make plan, take action

    • when stressor is controllable (room messy)

• emotion focused coping

  • managing emotional response to stress rather than address problem

    • seek social support, practice mindfulness, relaxation

    • when stressor is beyond your control (boss is annoying)

stress - tend & befriend

• in response to stress (esp women), seek social support and form bonds instead of fight or flight

• oxytocin - bonding hormone (skin to skin contact), released during stress (love hormone)

  • enhanced by estrogen (which is why women esp)

  • oxytocin up = stress down