Distillation

Simple

Setup

• Flask - contains liquid solution
• Bun - seals flask so no gasses can escape
• Thermometer - placed through bun to measure temp inside the flask
• Condenser - attached to a water jacket to provide a stream of continuously flowing cold water
• Beaker - at the end of the condenser to capture pure liquid
• Bunsen burner - placed beneath the flask to heat the solution

Process

• Heat the mixture using a Bunsen burner so that desired liquid evaporates
• As the gas rises to the top of the flask, the pressure will force it into the condenser
• Because their is a continuous flow of cool water, the gas will condense back into liquid where it is collected in the beaker.

Fractional

Setup

• Flask - contains mixture
• Bun - seals beaker to prevent gasses escaping
• Fractioning column - filled with tiny glass tods to maximise surface area and cooler at the top then the bottom to prevent unwanted gasses evaporating
• Condenser - attached to water jacket to provide a continuous flow of cool water
• beaker - collects pure liquid provided by the condenser
• Bunsen burner - heats mixture in flask

Process

• Flask filled with a mixture containing different liquids of different boiling points
• Flask is heated by Bunsen burner at temperature of the liquid with the lowest boiling point
• This liquid then travels through the fractioning column and is forced into the condenser due to the pressure
• Due to continuous flow of cool water provided by the water jacket the gas condenses back to water and is collected in the beaker
• If any of the other liquids somehow evaporate, the fractioning column condenses them back to liquid as the glass rods are cooler than their boiling points
• Process is repeated at the temperature of each mixtures individual boiling points.