Transport in Animal Circulatory System

Earthworms have five hearts but their circulatory system is less complicated than ours.

Earthworms have heart-like structures called aortic arch which pumps blood around the body.

Octopus have three hearts, which us partly a consequence of having blue blood.

• 2 peripheral hearts pump blood through the gills, where it pucks up oxygen.

• Central heart then circulates oxygenated vlood.

A defective heart can now be repaired using stem cells. These cells have the potential to grow into a variety of heart cell types.

What is the purpose of an open aortic valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

-to allow blood to flow into the aorta

Red blood cells: Erythrocytes; Platelets: ?
- thrombocytes

What is the largest blood vessel?
- aorta

The right side of the heart pumps____ the heart ___the lungs.
- blood from the heart to the lungs

It is a disease of the circulatory system that develops when plaque builds up in the arteries

- atherosclerosis

also known as hardening of arteries
- arteriosclerosis

Which of the following statements BEST describes the circulatory system
- the body’s blood-transporting system

What is the importance of red blood cells in our bodies?
- they bring oxygen to individual cells of the body

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
- artery

Which of the following components of blood protects us from disease-causing germs?
- white blood cells (leukocytes)

It takes your heart about one minute to pump 5L of blood.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

two types of circulation in animals

• open circulatory system

• closed circulatory system

1. Open circulatory system – Blood is not always enclosed in vessels; it flows freely in body cavities.
   Example animals: Insects, mollusks (e.g., grasshoppers, snails)
   

Heart pump it to a network channels of cavities (hemocoels) throughout the body. Also, this is where gas exchange occurs.

Present in mollusks and arthropods

2. Closed circulatory system – Blood is enclosed within vessels and circulates through the body in a controlled manner.
   Example animals: Humans, fish, birds, amphibians, reptilesThe circulating fluid (hemolymph) does not pass through enclosed tubes.
   

The circulating fluid passes within blood vessels that transport blood away from and back to the heart which circulates unidirectionally around the systemic circulatory route.

Present in vertebrates and annelids

PROCESS OF CIRCULATION IN OPEN SYSTEM

1. hemolymph is pumped into the cavity called hemocoel—called like that because the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid.

2. As the heart(s) beats and the animal moves, the hemolymph is pushed into organs through an opening and pulled back through holes called ostia.

3. This movement allows for gas and nutrient exchange.

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

-it supplies gasses, nutrients, and hormones to the different parts of the body.

-also collects metabolic wastes for acid-base balance and immunologic reactions.

-indispensable in regulating homeostatic reactions of the body.

TYPES OF BLOOD CIRCULATION

1. Coronary -heart only

2. Pulmonary -heart and lungs

3. Systematic - lungs, heart, and body cells

PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION

• Pulmonary Circulation

-blood from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart

-deoxygenated blood from the RV-PA-L

-oxygenated blood from L-PV-LA

-helps release carbon dioxide from the blood and dissolves oxygen in the blood

• Systematic Circulation

-oxygenated blood from the LV-A-to the rest of the body

Subtypes:

a. Coronary circulation - movement of blood throughout the vessels that supply the myocardium (heart muscles)

b. Renal circulation - supplies the blood to the kidneys via the renal arteries

MAJOR ORGANS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart

it is made up of cardiac muscles

3 LAYERS

• epicardium

• myocardium

• endocardium

PERICARDIUM

- it is a layer that anchors the heart in position. A two-layered membranous sac.

- it is non-elastic—to prevent heart from being overstretched due to overfill of blood.

- pericardial fluid in between the pericardial membrane—-reduces the friction in between the heart and the surrounding tissues during beating.

CARDIAC MUSCLES

-also called myocardium

-involuntary, striated type (highly organized tissues) of muscles —-converts chemical energy to physical work

HEART CHAMBERS

• Atrium - upper chambers of the heart that receives incoming blood.

• Ventricle - lower chambers of the heart that are more muscular which pump blood out of the heart.

• SEPTUM - divides the heart into two sides

HEART VALVES

- flap tissues that prevent regurgitation or backward flow of blood

- closure of the valves creates the heart sound during auscultation

KINDS OF HEART VALVES

• Tricuspid valve

• Pulmonary valve

• Mitral/bicuspid valve

• Aortic semilunar valve

The circulatory system in animals can be categorized into two types: open and closed.

• Open Circulatory System: Blood is not always contained in vessels; it flows freely in body cavities. Found in insects and mollusks (e.g., grasshoppers, snails), it involves blood (hemolymph) being pumped into cavities (hemocoels) for gas exchange.

• Closed Circulatory System: Blood is contained within vessels, allowing controlled circulation. Common in humans, fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, blood is pumped through blood vessels in a unidirectional systemic route.

Circulation Types:

• Pulmonary: Blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back, essential for gas exchange.

• Systematic: Distribution of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

• Coronary: Blood flow to the heart muscles.

• Renal: Supplies blood to the kidneys.

BLOOD FLOW CIRCULATION OF THE HEART

Deoxygenated blood passes the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium (located in the upper chamber of the heart) now it will enter the gate called tricuspid valve to the right ventricle (the lower chamber of the heart) after that it will go to the gate called pulmonary valve then passes to the pulmonary artery (pathway to the lungs) (it has two exit points left and right pulmonary artery for right and left lungs) (blood flowing away from the heart). Now deoxygenated blood will turn to oxygenated in the lungs (blood exchange). RED BLOOD carrying oxygen from the lungs will go back to Pulmonary veins (it has two: left and right) entering the left atrium (upper left chamber of the heart) blood will enter the gate called mitral/bicuspid valve then will go to the lower chamber of the heart called left ventricle and will enter the gate called aortic semilunar valve to go to the aortic arch. Then AORTA will distribute the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (it has ascending aorta and descending aorta)

LUB DUB

lub- tricuspid valve and mitral/bicuspid valve closes

while pulmonary valve and aortic semilunar valve opens

dub- pulmonary valve and aortic semilunar valve closes

while tricupid valve and mitral/bicuspid

valve opens

CARDIAC CYCLE

• the contraction and the relaxation of both the atria and the ventricle

TWO PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE

• Systole - there is contraction and blood pumps out of the heart to the arteries. The pressure on the arteries is highest during this time.

• Diastole - heart muscles are relaxed and filled with blood. The pressure on the arteries is lowest during this time.

Healthy if it’s less than 120/80

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF THE HEART

negative cell will turn to positive cell called Depolarization (muscle cel squeeze down)

Cells in Right Atrium that can depolarized themselves without the neighbors helps are called Sinoatrial Node or SA node also known as “Automaticity”

• They will depolarized the neighbor cells moving slowly to Left Atrium and create bund tissues

• Then those bund tissues in Left atrium are called Bachmann’s bundle

• Then will Sinoatrial node will also create tinu bunds of tissue that signals passes through the internodal tracts down to the Atrioventricular Node or AV node

AV Node

- watches how many contractions happen in atria and ventricle in time interval

- it creates a delay between the atria and ventricles and there will be a coordinative way of blood pumping through the heart

-then AV NODE will signal down to the middle chamber called Bundle of His then will split left and right bundle.

• the left bundle is called Left anterior (means forward) fascicle

• right bundle is called right bundle

-then there will be also a signal going to the Left ventricle called L posterior (mean back) fascicle

- from the left and right bundles there will be signal waves that can be dash out in different directions called Purkinje Fibers— that penetrates the entire ventricular wall.

BLOOD VESSELS

- it serves as a passageway of blood which circulates in our body

KINDS OF BLOOD VESSELS

1. Artery

   - carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

2. Veins

   - thinner compared to arteries

   - found closer to the skin

   - carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart

   - largest veins in our body are Superior and Inferior vena cava

3. Capillaries

   - smallest blood vessels

   - enables the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide between the blood and cells surrounding them

   - thinnest wall

   • Precapillary sphincters - rings of smooth muscles that regulate the flow of blood in capillary beds and help in its location where blood is needed

Arteriole and Venule - are small blood vessels that allow blood flow to and from the capillaries

Heart attack - occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked

Atherosclerosis - buildup fats, cholesterol that are called Plaque in and on the artery walls

Arteriosclerosis - thickening or hardening of the arteries

Varicose veins - happens when the valves are not closing properly, allowing the blood to flow backward

BLOOD

- the internal circulating medium of the human body

Components

1. Plasma

   - liquid part

   - 55% of blood

   - transports waste materials to the excretory system

   - it contains dissolved substances and important elements

2. RBC /Erythrocytes

   - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

   - lack nuclei

   - from bone marrow

   - carries Hemoglobin

3. WBC /Leukocytes

   - fighting bacteria cells

   - cells with nuclei

   - from multipotent cells in bone marrow

   - larger than RBC but fewer in number

TWO TYPES

• Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

• T cells and B cells - monocytes and lymphocytes

4. Platelets /Thrombocytes

   - blood clotting

   - without nuclei

   - smallest blood cells

   • Fibrins - proteins that traps platelets that causes clogging of damaged blood vessels

Centrifugation - a method of separating the molecules with various density

• Centrifuge - a tool used to separate particles suspended in a liquid