final
flapper | Symbol of rebellious jazz age youth thru liberated young woman |
prohibition | Ban on manufacture & sale of alcohol(18th amendment) |
speakeasies | Illegal bars |
Harlem renaissance | African american cultural awakening in harlem |
psychoanalysis | Method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders |
abstract | Art composed of only lines, colors, shapes, with no recognizable subject |
dada | Reject traditional conventions, believed no sense or truth in world |
surrealism | Movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind |
1925 bio teach: John T Scopes tried to teach evolution
Broke law; went against bible’s version of creation
Guilty in scopes trial, fundamentalists believe that proceedings hurt cause
1922 T.S.Eliot ‘The Waste Land’ poem portraying world as spiritually empty & barren
‘The Sun Also Rises’ US Ernest Hemingway show rootless wondering of young ppl
‘Lost Generation”
Questions abt newtonian science(universe is machine)
1934 Enrico Fermi discover atomic fission: huge energy burst
1940, w/ Oppenheimer & Teller → atomic bomb
Postwar: scientists accept theory of relativity→ hard to understand, unsettling as it was beyond human reason
What changes did west society and culture experience after ww1 | Western society structure changes and has a more free environment as people recover from war trauma. People experiment with the limits of their boundaries. |
How did flappers symbolize changes in western society during the 1920s | Flappers symbolize freedom within women as they found ways to vote and gain power after war. |
How did the ideas of einstein and freud contribute to a sense of uncertainty | They were beyond human understanding and brought further chaos as long he no ld ideas were disturbed |
Choose one postwar writer and one postwar artist explain hwo the work of each reflected a new view of the world |
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Maginot line | France built a massive fortation among border w/ ger to prevent 3rd invasion |
Kellogg briand pact | Sponsored by us 1928, echoed hopeful spirit of locarno → want no war |
disarmament | Reduction of armed forces and weapons |
General strike | Strike by workers in many different industries at the same time |
overproduction | Condition in which the production of goods exceeds the demand for them |
finance | Management of money matters |
Federal reserve | the central banking system of the united states, which regulates banks |
Great depression | Painful time of global economic collapse |
Franklin d. roosevelt | 1932 us new president that argue gov take active role combating great depression |
New deal | Massive package of economic and social progress |
Despite disagreements, many work for peace in 1920s
Hope in 1925 when representatives from 7 eu sign treaties at locarno: settle ger’s disputed border w fr, belg, czech, poland → new era of peace
Kellogg-Briand Pact echo hope, every independent nation sign agreement, promising to renounce war
w/ the spirit, powers pursue disarmament: us, brit, fr, jap sign to reduce navy size, didnt on army
Crisis in finance, never seen danger, stock was famous w/ risky methods
Federal reserve tried to slow stock market by raising interest rates → fail cuz ppl didnt wanna borrow money→ hurt demand
Great depression quiet in 1929 start
1931 increase interest rate, disastrous, bought less, business & banks fail, unemployment
Unemployed couldn't buy goods, factories close, unemployment → ppl homeless and eat in soup kitchens
What political and economic challenges did the leading democracies face in the 1920s-1930s | Economic changes of having to repair, loan, and owe money to other countries after the war was the biggest problem. The tension between communism was also an important challenge that democracies faced. |
How did britain and france emerge from ww1 as both victors and losers | They were on the winning side of the war, however had huge economic losses and their cities were in need of great repair.
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What steps did the major powers take to protect the peace? Why did these moves have limited effects | They created treaties and formed the league of nations. These did not have much power as the ability to interfere with other country’s aggressive acts was not specified and people did not want to waste their already scarce resources. Additionally, the US's complete removal from the war scene made the movements hold less power. |
Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak or spread of the great depression a) falling demand b)federal reserve board c)financial crisis | The falling demand after the war contributed to the great depression as the advanced factories were creating excess, leading more people to be unemployed and slowing down the flow of money. The Federal Reserve’s policies of discouraging loans contributed to the great depression as people became more hesitant to buy stocks which lowered the demand by a lot. The financial crisis after the world war had an impact on the great depression as the US was a huge loaner to Germany who repaid all the war damages and personally to France and britain. This international money loan system caused panic among citizens when they tried to withdraw their life savings and realized that they were not available, causing people to rapidly take out money when possible, making a shortage of flowing money. |
How did the great depression affect political developments in the us | The great depression affected the political developments in the aid that they could provide during crises and brought up the question of how involved the federal government should be and what sort of role they have to the citizens. |
Benito Mussolini | Il Duce(leader): Son of socialist blacksmith & teacher=socialist |
Black Shirts | Party militants |
March on Rome | Tens of thousands of fascists swarming the capital |
Totalitarian State | One-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens |
Fascism | Centralized authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights |
Benito mussolini(son of socialist blacksmith & teacher): socialist(changed to nationalist during war)
1919 org veterans to Fascist party: unity & authority
Fiery & charismatic speaker: promise end corruption and bring order, bring roman greatness
Mussolini org “combat squads”: Black Shirts
Broke up socialist parties, attacked, used intimidation & terror to oust officials
Many agree cuz they lost faith to gov
1922 fascist bid for power
Naples rally: go to rome and demand gov make change: march on rome lead
King victor emmanuel III ask mussolini to be prime minister cuz he scared → oct 30 1922
Legal constitutional appointment to italy
Il Duce
Suppress rival, rig elections, censor press, replace officials
1929 gain pope support for recog vatican as independent state(altho he disagree w/ his goals)
Italy was parliamentary monarchy but actually dictatorship
Secret police & propaganda alert
Economic growth & end conflicts: mussolini put economy under state control, keep capitalism
Party control industry agri, trade → favor upper class & indust leaders
Production increase, workers suffered;no strike, low wage
Sworn enemies of socialist and communists
Com: work for international change, fasc: nationalist
Fasc: society w/ defined classes, like business leaders, money ppl, mid class
Comm: classless society, liked by workers
Both ideologies had power inspiring blind devotion of state, use terror for power, flourish in economic hard times of programs of social change
Both elites claimed to rule in name of national interest
How and why did fascism rise in italy | Because the government, economic, and mental state of Italy was very weak, and Mussolini brought strong guidance. |
What problems did Italy face after ww1. How did these problems help Mussolini win power? | Their secret promised land not being fulfilled, economy crashing, political disputes, class strikes. |
Describe one of mussolini’s economic or social goals and explain the actions he took to achieve it | He had a goal of shaping the youth which he did through extreme military programs. |
List two similarities and two differences between fascism and communism | Similarities: power from terror, blind devotion Differences: class/classless, international/national |
Mussolini said, ‘machines and women are the two causes of unemployment’ a) what did you think he meant? b) how did mussolini’s policies reflect his attitude toward women? | He meant that machines and women were taking away the men’s ‘natural job’ through their efficiency. He probably took a harsher approach and found it near impossible for equality to exist between the sexes. |
Command economy | Gov officials made all basic economic decisions |
collectives | Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group |
kulaks | Wealthy farmers |
gulag | A system of brutal labor camps where many died |
Socialist realism | Art style that showed soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future |
russification | Making a nationality’s culture more russian |
atheism | Belief that there is no god → became official state policy |
Comintem | Communist international formed by lenin 1919 |
Lenin body: widow: Nadezhda Krupskaya want to bury him next to mom, Communist Party(Stalin) want to preserve body and display
Displayed in red square for 65+ years → stalin show he would carry goals of revolution, takes measures to control soviet union and ppl
1928 propose 1st of 5 yr plan aimed: building heavy industry, improving transportation, increasing farm output
Economic activity under gov control; own all business and distribute all resource
Soviet: command economy(gov control on econ),
capitalist free market have control on econ, private businesses compete for consumer choice→reg price and quality
Lenin’s New Economic Plan(NEP) peasants had lil land → many prosper(KULAKS)
Stalin see inefficient and power threat: want collectives
Collectives: gov give all supplies, peasants learn modern methods & can keep personal belongings but animals are all for collective, price is all done by gov → dekulakization: 1932 Terror famine
Use terror as weapon against own people
Violated rimes against individual rights & humanity
Police spies open private letters, plant listening devices
Censored press, no protest
Critics sent to labor camps: GULAG→ die
1934 Great purge on political enemies → impact cuz not enough ppl when they invade soviet
Stalin purge resistance, control hearts and minds of citizens
Propaganda, censorship, forcing russian culture(russification), replacing religion w/ communist ideology(atheism)
Soviet elite had industrial managers, military leaders, scientists, artists, writers: enjoy privileged benefits
Best apartments, best vacation, best shopping → Purges went to elites yikes!!
Common ppl had new benefits(women equality too)
All children go to FREE commi-built school
Support technical schools & universities: educated workers for modern industrial state
Programs for outside of school: sport, cultural activity,s political classes for party membership,
→ communist values: atheism, glory of collective farming, love stalin
Provide free medical care, day care, inexpensive housing, public recreation
Many lack necessities tho→ new complexes, but housing scarce
Families cramped in 1 room, many bread(no meat, fruit, others)
1917-1939 soviet union pursue foreign policy goals
Commies: lenin & stalin want world revolution like marx, BUT soviet want nation security by winning other countries
2 contradictory unsuccessful foreign policies
1919 lenin make: communist international: COMINTERN; to encourage world revolution
West SUS
How did stalin transform the soviet union into a totalitarian state | He used violence against any opposing party and censored everything so that he could control the citizen’s minds |
What were the goals and results of Stalin's five-year plans? How did the effects differ between industry and agriculture? | Goal was to build and improve industry & agriculture. Increase industry, fail agriculture |
How did the command economy under stalin differ from a capitalist economy | Stalin was controlling all businesses and there was no such thing as open market, limiting the price and quality of goods as well as the distribution |
What methods did stalin use to create a totalitarian state | He used terror of people to his advantage as he killed all those who had the slightest relevance to going against his power. |
One historian has said that socialist realism was ‘communism with a smiling face’ what do you think he meant? | Because all socialist realism style artworks are portraying peasants and ordinary citizens as heroes whilst praising Russia and Stalin for their generosity. |
Compare life under stalin’s rule with life under the russian tsars | They were similar as they had total control and used violence to install fear within the citizens so that they would stay loyal and obedient to the state. |
chancellor | Prime minister |
Ruhr valley | Coal rich valley |
Third reich | Hitler’s rule which he boasted german master race would dominate eu for thousands |
gestapo | Secret police |
Nuremberg laws | Nazi law 1935 that deprived jew of german citizenship w/ restrictions |
Coup fail, Hitler behind bars → gonna become a powerful force
Ww1 end, GER near chaos → under threat of socialist revolution, kaiser abdicated
Moderate leaders signed armistice, became versailles treaty after protest
1919 GER leaders draft a constitution in city of Weimar
Create demo gov: Weimar Republic
Constitution set up parliamentary system by chancellor
Econ disaster → unrest
1923 GER fell behind in reparation pay, FR had coal rich Ruhr Valley
GER in RUhr protest w/ passive resistance & refused to work
Gov payed, printed money to support workers → inflation → misery & despair
German mark worthless
100 marks 1922=944,000 marks 1923
Salaries rose by billions, still not enough
*storm troopers are military dudes against politics
1923 hitler failed to get power in munich→arrested & guilty w/ Treason →wrote the Mein Kampf(My Struggle) which is later the basic books of nazi goals & ideologies
Reflect Hitler’s obsession of nationalism, racism, anti-semitism → Germany is ‘master race’ of Aryans, enemies were Jews
Hitler’s idea rooted in anti-semitism
Middle age-christians kill jews cuz diff beliefs
Rise of nationalism in 1800 → ppl identify jews as ethnic outsiders
Hitlers view jews not as separate religion but as separate ‘race’ (Definition: jew grandparent)
Similar like right-wing, blame germany defeat on Marxist, Jew, corrupt politics, business
‘Slavs and inferior race must bow to aryan’, GER needs FUHRER(strong leader): Hitler
Hitler used as excuse to attack al jews
KRISTALLNACHT: night of broken glass november 9,10
Naziled mbos attack all jew in GER, AUSTRIA, CZECH
Make sinister plan: Final Solution for extermination of all Jews
How did hitler and the nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in germany | They used censorship, nationalism, propaganda, violence, suppressed lal opposition |
List 3 problems faced by weimar republic | Political struggles, inflation, great depression |
What racial and nationalistic ideas did nazis promote | That aryan race was superior and jews were to blame for all |
What were some of the restrictions that hitler placed on german jews | They couldn't have citizenship Prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending/teaching GER schools/uni, hold gov jobs, practice law/medicine/publishing books |
Do you think there are any reasons why a government would be justified in banning books or censoring ideas? explain | The government may think it would be justified in censoring ideas if they are harmful to the stability of the structure. However this still does not justify it. |
Why did dictators gain power in much of eastern europe | Because ethnic and economic tensions brought the need for stability. |
Both Stalin and hitler instituted ruthless campaigns against supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think the dictators need to find scapegoats for the nation's ills? | For nationalism and for keeping the people’s spirit up. |
Appeasement | Giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace |
pacifism | Opposition to all war |
Neutrality acts | Congress passing acts that forbade the sale of arms to any nations at war |
Axis powers | The three nations agreed to fight soviet communism |
Francisco francis | 1936 conservative general who led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war |
anschluss | Union of austria and germany |
sudetenland | Region of western czechoslovakia be given autonomy |
Nazi-soviet pact | Bound hitler and stalin to peace relations |
One of earliest test by japan
Military leaders & ultra nationalist thought jap should have empire=west power
Seize manchuria 1931
League of nations condemn aggression, Jap just withdrew from org
→easy success strengthen militarist faction in jap
1937 jap overrun east china → 2nd sino-jap war
West protests don't stop jap
Italy: mussolini act his imperialist ambitions → defeat by ethopians 1896 battle of Adowa 🙁
1935 invade ethiopia, ppl resist but outdated weapons cant rival tank, machine gun, poison gas, airplanes
King: haile selassie ask for league of nations for help
League have sanctions against italy for violating international law → no power
1936 italy has ethiopia
Hitler goes against the treaty of versailles
Hitler test will of western demo→ was weak
Built GER military against treaty
1936 sent troops in demilitarized rhineland bordering france –another treaty violation
Challenge to versailles treaty make him pop
Westerns denounce, no action → policy of Appeasement
Neutrality acts for appeasement
Rome-Berlin Tokyo Axis: fight soviet communism
Spain collapse in civil war with Francisco Franco(hitler, mussolini) vs Loyalists(Brit, FR, US)
Nazi experiment on new planes
German aggression: want living space so he can gain resources, annex austria, get sudetenland
Nazi-soviet pact: peaceful division of poland & EU: mutual fear & suspicions
Invasion of poland | September 1 1939, week after nazi-sovet pact, GEr invade poland→brit & fr action
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What events unfolded between chamberlain’s declaration of peace for our time and the outbreak of a world war | Germany took over czech, and invade poland w/ pact w/ soviet |
How did the western democracies respond to the aggression of the axis powers during the 1930s | They used appeasement |
Why did germany and italy become involved in the spanish civil war | They wanted to support their sides; fascist |
How was the munich conference a turning point in the road toward world war | It was when germany said that they would take sudentenland and birtian and france convinced czech to just let it be. However germany break promise and bring ww2 |
Why do you think some historians call the period between the 1919 and 1939 the 20-year truce | Because there was an agreement not to start any war during that time between world powers. |
blitzkrieg | Hitler’s Lightning war |
luftwaffe | German air force |
dunkirk | Beach that was target for troops to get picked up |
vichy | German made puppet state with capital |
General erwin rommel | One of hitler’s best commanders to north africa: Desert Fox |
Concentration camps | Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state |
holocaust | Nazis massacring millions of jews |
Lend-lease act | March 1941 FDR persuade congress that allow him to sell/lend war materials to ‘any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the US’ |
First winter, FR behind maginot line, brit also wait w/ them: quiet time: phony war
April 1940 hitler launch Blitzkrieg against Norway & denmark(falls) → then go to netherlands & belgium
May GER forces surprise FR & BRIT by attacking thru Ardennes Forest in Belgium(invasion proof)!!
Went thru maginot line, GER into FR
BRIT trapped between nazi & english channel
Brit sent all available naval vessels, merchant ships, fishing, pleasure boats across channel to get troops from Dunkirk beach
Despite GER air attack, improved armada ferry more than 300,000 troops to safety in Brit
France falls
GEr forces go south to paris
Italy war on FR and attack from south
FR: overrun & demoralized: surrender
June 22 1940- Hitler force FR to sign surrender docs in same railroad car which GER signed armistice ending ww1
Follow surrender, GER occupy N FR
South: GER make puppet state: capital: vichy
Some FR escape to ENGLAND, set up gov-in-exile
Led by Charles de Gualle, ‘free french’ work to liberate homeland
Within FR, resistance fighters use guerrilla tactics against german forces
Operation sea lion
Fall of FR: brit stood alone in west EU
Hitler thought BRIT would sue for peace
Winston churchill(replace neville chamberlain) for prime minister was quirky
Hitler saw defiance, made Operation Sea Lion: invasion of BRIT
Prepare by bombing island nations
Beginning of august 1940: GER bombers daily bombard ENG south coast
1 month, brit royal air force battle luftwaffe
GER change tactics, doesnt bomb in south → bomb LONDON
An unstoppable german army stalls
Hitler motives: “if i had all countries(Oral, Siberia, Ukraine w/ resources, Germany under National Socialist leadership would swim in plenty”
Wanted to end communism in EU & defeat powerful rival: Stalin
Hitler new blitzkrieg in soviet union: 3 mill GER soldiers invaded → caught stalin unprepared
Stalin suffer from purge that wiped out top officers
Stalin lost 2.5 million soldiers tryna fend off invaders → forced back → burn factories, farm equip, crops so not outside of enemy hands
Couldnt stop GER war machine
Autumn: nazi smash into soviet, wanna take moscow & leningrad(st petersburg)
GER advance stall → like napoleons’ grand army 1812, Hitler not prepared for General winter
December: -40 F(-4C) thousands of GER freeze to death
2 leaders issue atlantic charter; goal: final destruction of nazi tyranny & post war world
Which regions were attacked and occupied by the axispowers, and what was life like under their occupation | Poland, Norway & denmark & netherlands & belgium
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Describe hilter’s blitzkrieg tactics | He used airplanes to drop bombs |
Referring to teh battle of britian in 1940, winston churchill said ‘never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few’ what did he mean | He was referring to the pilots and bombers that took control of the air freedom |
Hitler translated his hatred into a program of genocide. How idd ethnic, racial, and religious hatred weaken society | It made everyone turn and blame just one minority, making everything irrelevant and nonimportant |
Rosie the riveter | Women symbolized in US, built ships and planes and produced munitions |
Aircraft carrier | Ships that transport aircraft and accommodate the takeoff and landing of airplanes |
Dwight eisenhower | American general 1942 took command of joint brit and american force in morocco and algeria |
stalingrad | Hitler’s troop’s longest range |
d-day | June 6 1944 invasion of france |
Yalta conference | Three leaders agreed that soviet union would enter war against japan w/ three months of GER surrender |
Allied victory in north africa
In NA, brit led by General: bernard Montgomery fought Rommel
Battle of El Alamein nov 1942: allies halt desert fox advance
Tanks drove axis back to libya into tunisia
Later 1942 american generaL: Dwight Eisenhoewr command of joint brit ameri force in morocco and algeria
Advance tunisia from west, traps rommel army→ surrender may 1943
Germans defeated at stalingrad
Major point in soviet union
1941 lightning advance, GER stall moscow & leningrad
1942 hitler launch new offense: for rich oil fields in south → only got to stalingrad
Battle of stalingrad was costliest
Hitler wanna capture stalin’s city, stalin wanna defend
Start: ger surround city w/ winter coming, fights at each house
GER officer: soldiers fought for 2 weeks for single building, corpses’are strewn in cellars, on landings, and the staircaess’
November, soviet encircle attackers → trapped, no food, no ammunition, no hope rescue → GER surrender january 1943
Hitler’s forces got losses of troop and equipment
Early 1944 soviet troops in eastern europe
The d-day assault
Allies chose june 6, 1944: D-day for invasion of FR
Before midnight of june5, allied planes dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines
Thousands of ships ferried 156,000 allied troops across english channel & fight to shore through underwater mines & machine gun fire
“Ppl dying, could have walked to beach w/out touching ground cuz so much dead’
Allied troops go to normandy→ early august: massive armor division under US general: George S Patton help joint brit ameri force thru GER defense & to paris
Other allies go from italy to land in southern FR
Paris: FR resistance rose against occupying GER
Under pressure, GER retreat
August 25, allies enter paris, next month→ FR Free
Allies continue to advance
GER reel under incessant(bombing)
2 year allied bombs on military, factories, railroads, oils, cities
To cripple GER industry & morale
10day bombing erase industrial city of Hamburg: 40,000 dead, 1 million refugee
February 1945 allied raids on Dresden(most beautiful cities in EU) killed 135,000
After free france, allied go battle FER
Advance in belgium december,
GER has mass counterattack
- battle of bulge: 1 month terrible loss
GER unable to break thru
Allied advance delayed for 6 weeks
Soviet battle thru GER, advance in berlin
Hitler support in GER decline, survived 1 assassination by senior german military
Early 1945 defeat of ger coming
Uneasy agreement at yalta
Plan strategy while in distrust
Stalin: soviet need to maintain control of E EU to protect future aggression
Churchill & roosevelt: want self determination w/ people’s gov
Needed stalin’s help for war
Yalta conference: agree soviet enter war against Japan w/in 3 months of GER surrender → churchill and roosevelt promise stalin that soviet take southern sakhalin island, kuril island, occupation zone in korea??????
Agree GER temporarily divide to 4, governed by us, fr, brit, soviet
Stalin agree for free elections → mistrustssssss
How did the allies begin to push back the axis power | They cornered generals and troops to make them surrender
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How did democratic gov mobilize their economies for war | They went into total war and used car and refrigerator parts for airplanes instead. Women were used for mechanical work for bombs while the men were at war |
Explain why the battles of midway, el alamein, and stalingrad were important turning points in war | They all changed the power dynamics of the war as hitler slowly starts losing control |
Why didnt yalta conference lead to lasting unity among big three leaders | Because there was mistrust between the free elections for European states. |
V-E Day | Victory in europe may 8 1945: hitler suicide, Ger surrender, war in eu end |
Bataan Death March | May 1942 japanese take philippines, kill us soldiers, 10,000 filipino in 65 mile bataan death march |
Douglas Macrthur | Us forces led, gradual move north toward jap |
Island hopping: GOT WRONG | Goal to recapture some japanese held islands while bypassing others |
kamikaze | Pilots who undertook suicide missions by crashing explosive laden airplanes into us warships |
Manhattan project | Racing to harness atom |
hiroshima | Jap city that was atomically bombed by us plane |
nagasaki | Second atomic bomb us dropped |
March 1945 allies cross Rhine into west GER
East :soviet close in Berlin
Late april: US & RUS soldiers met at Elbe River
All EU, axis begin to surrender
Italy: guerrilla captured, executed mussolini
Soviet fight into berlin, Hitler suicide in underground bunker
May 7 GER surrendered
Official: EU war end: may 8 1945: V-E Day
12 yrs, Hitler’s ‘thousand-year Reich’ in ruin
Allies defeat axis powers in EU for many reasons
Location of GER, and allies: fought on several fronts
Hitler made some poor military decisions
Underestimated ability of soviet union
US productive capacity
1944 US produce 2x axis production
Allied bombing hinder GER production
Oil scarce cuz luftwaffe
Victory of EU, allies need to go to japan in pacific
Struggle for pacific
Mid 1942 jap won uninterrupted series of victories
Control much southeast asia & pacific islands
May 1942 japan gain control of philippines→ kill hundreds us & phillip during 65 mile Bataan Death March
Survivor: describe macabre litany of heat, dust, starvation, thirst, flies, filth, stench, murder, torture, corpses, brutality
Many filipino risked/lost lives for food & water to captives on march
After Battle of Midway and the Coral Sea → US offensive
US marines landed in Guadalcanal in solomon islands
Victory start “island-hopping’ campaign: to recapture japanese held islands; to be sued as stepping stones
→ General Douglas macarthur gradually moved north to jap
1944 us navy commanded by chester nimitz blockaded japan, us bombers pounded jap cities & industries
October 1944 macarthur fight to retake philippines
Britain push jap back into jungles of burma and malaya
Invasion or the bomb
Beginning in 1944, some young jap choose Kamikaze(suicide mission pilots w/ explosives onto us warships)
Splitting of atom– explosion powerful
Allied scientists: manhattan project; race to atomic bomb
Test 1945 alamogordo new mexico
Atomic bomb terrible new for destruction
After consulting he chose to use against jap cuz it would save american lives
At time: truman met other allied leaders: potsdam, germany → issued warning to jap to surrender or face ‘complete destruction
When jap ignore, us took action
Utter devastation(hiroshima & nagasaki)
August 6, 1945 us plane dropped atomic bomb to hiroshima
Flatten 4 square miles, kill 70,000
Following months, many die from radiation fro exposure
August 8 soviet war on jap & invaded manchuria
Jap did not respond
Next day, us 2nd atomic bomb on nagasaki: 40,000 dead
September 2, 1945 formal peace treaty sign on board of american battleship missouri in tokyo bay
How did the allies finally defeat the axis powers |
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How did the location of the axis powers in europe contribute to their defeat | They were in the middle of conflict |
What factors besides ending the war in the pacific might have contributed to president harry truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb | Pressure to do something within his first 100 days as president. |
Nuremberg | Allies held war crime trials at nuremberg where hitler ahd rallies in 1930s |
United nations (UN) | A charter drafted by delegates from 50 nations, UN is more better than league of nations |
Cold war | State of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the united states on one side and the soviet union on the other wlout armed conflict |
Truman doctrine | Policy rooted in idea of containment, limiting communism to areas already under soviet control |
Marshall plan | To strengthen democratic gov, us offered massive aid package |
North atlantic treaty organization (NATO) | Us & 10 other form new military alliance |
Warsaw pact | Soviet’s own military alliance |
War crime trials:
War time meetings: allies agreed axis leaders should be tried ‘crimes against humanity’
Germany, allies held them in nuremberg→most guilty w/ death sentences to top nazis w/ others imprisoned
SHOWED POLITICAL & MILITARY LEADERS COULD BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR WARTIME ACTIONS
–us build demo constituion & new gov for peace & tolerance–
United Nations: UN strong, 5 permanent members(US, soviet, brit, fr, chin): veto any council decision
Ensure peace
US & soviet: world leaders(abandon isolationism to combat communism)
War: cooperate to defeat nazi→ agreement w axis 1947 → reparations in GER & gov→ cold war
Stalin 2 goals in e eu
want s to spread communism
Wanted to create buffer zone of friendly gov as defense afainst GER which invaded RUS during ww1, and in 1941
Wartime conference: stalin try to persuade west to accept soviet influence in E EU
Said us wasnt consulting soviet bout peace for italy/jap, both defeated & occupied by us and britain troops like soviet determined fate of e eu
Roosevelt & churchill rejected stalin’s view, making him promise ‘free elections’ in e eu
Stain ignore pledge, most e eu alr had communist parties, many had resisted nazis during war
Backed by red army, these local communists in poland, czech, else destroyed rival political parties & assassinated democratic leaders
By 1948 pro-soviet commies gov in place thru e eu
Stalin aggressive→ Truman Doctrine: containing limited communism to areas under soviet control
Us resist soviet expansion by sending military & econ aid
Marshall Package: offer massive aid package to strenghten demo gov & help rebuild
Offered to soviet, rejected, saying soviet would have better
Ger recovery→ west wanna extend marshall plan→ soviet furious & territorial→ divided nation
Demo: ppl own constitution, self gov
Socialist: dictatorship under stalin
Berlin Airlift: stalin 1948 tryna force west out by sealing railroad/highway → west mounted around airlift→ west win
Tension: NATO alliance w/ US & canada, etc: democratic
Soviet military: Warsaw pact; dictatorship in practice
Both use propaganda
What issues arose in the aftermath of ww2 and how did new tensions develop | The spread of communism and power control |
How did the peace made after ww2 differ from that made after ww1 | They were more serious in ensuring peace |
What was the main purpose of the UN when it was founded | To ensure the peace would be authorized by the world powers |
List two causes of the cold war | The arguments of the spread of communism and the power control |
Why is it important to remember the inhumanity of the holocaust | So that it will not be repeated again and the losses and consequences of the war will be remembered. |
Vocab: | Define the vocab as it presents itself in the chapter (insert rows to accommodate the number of words) |
superpowers | Nations stronger than other powerful nations: reagan vs khrushchev |
Anti-ballistic missiles(ABMs) | Missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries |
Ronald reagan | President that launched program to build star wars missile defense against nuclear attack |
Detente | Us & soviet control agreements led to era; relaxation of tensions during 1970s |
Fidel castro | Organized armed rebellion against the corrupt dictator |
John f kennedy | President supported invasion attempt by US trained cuban exiles |
ideology | Value system and beliefs around the globe |
Nikita khrushchev | After stalin death, he emerged as new soviet leader |
Leonid brezhnev | Khrushchev’s successor held power |
containment | America’s basic policy toward communist countries known |
Bridge of spies
Two sides face off in Europe
Cold war confrontation in eu, 2 superpowers armies confront after ww2
Each superpower formed a eu military alliance made for nations occupied/protected
US led North Atlantic Treaty Organization: NATO, in west EU
Soviet union led warsaw pact in eastern europe
2 alliances in EU faced each other along Iron Curtain; tense line between democratic west & communist east
Berlin focus of cold war: demo west(show west GER prosper), commies east(low paid east GER fled to west berlin)
E GER made Berlin wall: forcibly kept from fleeing
E EU resists: early revolts in E Berlin spread to E GER but no match to RUS tanks
1956 challenge soviet authority for economic reform: poland & hungary
- poland: soviet backed mass arrests of noncommies & private
Hungary: Imre Nagy: end 1party rule, wanna pull out warsaw→ mass assault & executed
1968 czech: Alexander Dubcek: freedom of expression & limit demo
Freedom→ prague spring→ soviet fear demo→ warsaw invasion to end freedom
Nuclear threaten world: US had more ww2→ 1949 soviet → 1953 hydrogen bombs(destructive)
Mutual assured destruction→ fear
Limit nuclear weapons: disarmaments talks, agreements
1969 us/soviet: SALT(strategic arms limitation talks)
Limit antiballistic missile AMB: missile kill missile – threaten balance of terror
1980 reagan program: star wars against nuclear(missile defense)-controvers cuz AMB treaty
Both signed Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 1991
Building detente: relax from tension 1970
Us strategy to restrain soviet thru diplomatic agreements than military
Fail 1979 soviet invade afghan
Stop nuclear spread: brit, fr, chin 1960s nuclear
Many wanna stop race: 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT): stop proliferation
Global Cold war
Building alliances/bases: NATO w/ EU demo
US & allies 1955 Southeast-Asia treaty organization (SEATO): us, brit, fr, austral, paki, thail, new z, phil
Central Treaty Org(CENTO): brit, tur,, iran, paki
Military alliacne w/ jap, skorea
Soviet alliance: warsaw w african/asian gov: CHina commies: Soviet Bloc
US make navy, army, air around globe so soviet is encircled
Cold war hot: local conflicts in cold war indirectly
Main china soviet, eu colonies want independence(guerrillas)
Korea & vietnam impo cuz they got weapons, training
Cuba communists: fidel castro rebellion against corrupt: Cuban revolution
Support soviet, many flee to florida
US JFK support cuban exile invasion: Bay of Pigs Invasion: invaders come ashore cuba, fail cuz castro capture
US trade embargo on cuba
Cuba Missile crisis: soviet send nuclear to cuba- kennedy naval blockade for further, demand remove–soviet nikita khrushcev agree to remove missile
Soviet union in cold war
Soviet communism: public life; obedience, discipline, economic security, spread ideology: gov decisions that dont make much sense, for political reasons
Stalin successors: Nikita khrushev: 1956 shack commies denounce stalin power abuse: want more freedom, ease censor
Successor: Brezhnev recensor and imprison
Soviet resist: criticize gov
Andrey sakharov scientist talk bout liberties: silenced
Alekandr solzhenitsyn soldier letter: prison camp, released under khrushchev, banned
US in cold war
Free markets: Commies had command economies, capitalist had market economies
Producers and consumer decision, profit and grow
Containing soviet union: containment in boundaries
Living in nuclear danger: fallout shelters in backyards, in public
School air-raid drills like fire drills
Search for inside enemies: red scares
McCarthy senator search, accused innocent: McCarthyism
House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) make us representative house
Expose symphathizers in hollywood
Even if past deed, labeled as commies–no jobs
What were the military and political consequences of the cold wra in the soviet union, europe, and the united states | Military: arms race Political: communism vs democracy
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What kinds of conflicts resulted from the global confrontation between the two superpowers | More arms race, red scare, death and conflict between other local countries |
How did the buildup of nuclear weapons discourage their use | There was a mutual assured destruction |
Identify similarities and differences between the soviet union and the united states during the cold war | Similarities: Supported their own sides in local fights indirectly Nuclear power Differences: US expanded their influence of military Communism vs capitalism |
recession | Periods when the economy shrinks, were brief and mild |
suburbanization | The movement to communities outside an urban core |
segregation | Legal forced separation in education and housing |
discrimination | Unequal treatment or barriers |
Dr. martin luther king jr | Gifted preacher emerged as leader of civil rights movement |
Konrad adenauer | 1949-1963 was west germany’s chancellor, prime minister |
Welfare state | A country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of the people |
European community | Organization dedicated to establishing free trade among member nations for all products |
Gross domestic product (GDP) | The total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year |
US central role: global political leader: league of nations in switz, UN in new york city
Foreign trade boom, world bank finance world econ: washington dc
International monetary fund(IMF) oversee world finance
Postwar us boom: suburbanization, move to sunbelts(south): plentiful job, warm, AC & water in irrigation
Culture influence: art: movies, tele, rock(elvis, musical comedies, hollywood, action)
Federal gov help econ boom: prez truman make congress help veteran/elder/poor programs
Dwight eisenhower fund interstate highway
Oil Shock recession: dependence on world econ
Early 1970s political crisis in middle east→ decrease oil export
Oil price rise, us expensive gas, dependence
Others also depend, high $ oil leave businesses less demand
Prosperity end 1974: economy alternate prosperity/recession
Democracy opportunities
segregation/discrimination: prosperity not equal, slavery abolished by AF US want equality
school/housing/jobs/voting discriminant
Truamn desegregate armed forces, US supreme court LAND MARK RULING: brown v board of education of Tpeka: declare segregated schools unconstitutional
Rosa Parks sparked movement
US Civil rights: 1956 martin luther king jr leader: Extend equal rights to all americans, especially AF(boycotts, peace march)
1963 i have a dream all men created equal actually into effect
Us ppl join movement, brutal attack on sconcisence, asians/latino/natives join for equality
Congress outlaw public segregation/voting/equal access
Still poverty/unemployment/discrimination
Women equality: inspired, won laws banning discrimination against women: higher salaries/positions
Gov role grows: expand social program 1960s: kennedy/johnson: medicare
Repub respond: 1980 regan repub cutbak in tax/gov spend: improve opportunities for US, military increase
Increase spending & tax cuts→ national budget deficit: cuts in social and economic programs: education, welfare, environmental protect
West EU rebuild
GER divide, reunited: US BRIT FR: NATO in west, SOV: warsaw in east
1989 soviet decline, GER reunification cuz E GER unable to control, forced to open west border
E GER reunification 1990s vote
W GER econ boom: US aid w/ marshall plan & others to strengthen W GER
1949-63 Konrad Adenauer W GER chancellor guide rebuilding to modern high productive industry base
Boom industrial econ
BRIT narrow horizons: econ slow recover, can’t afford large military presence altho marshall plan
Brit abandon colonial empire after independence demands– recover 1950-60
No big boom, but recover
Other EU prosper: belg, netherlands independence, FR abandon empire after colonial war in vietnam/algeria (demoralized)
Most W EU war damage: marshall plan help
Improved living w/ econ boom
Poorer: spain, ireland get investment for econ boom
Build welfare state: eu work for econ prosperity
Mant want to extend welfare state
Gov expand social programs w higher tax
Limit welfare state: 1979 brit turn to conservative cuz welfare too costly and inefficient
Margaret thatcher: reduce social welfare programs cuz tax and free market
EUropean unity: 1952 W GER, nether, belg, luxem, fr, ital make EU coal & stell company: free Establish free trade in coal & steel among members by eliminating tariffs & barriers
EU econ community 1957 Euopean community for free trade, no tariffs, move workers
Japan transform
US occupier change: MacArthur make Jap emporer lose power, new parliamentary demo
Social reforms: edu, equality, land reforms, rebuild
End occupation 1952, military bases & trading partners remain
Jap democracy: LIberal democratic party, coalition
Econ miracle: export success thru efficient factories, educated workforce, protect home industries
High quality exports, trade surplus, more than US
How was the US economy linked to the broader global economy during the cold war | US economy was linked to the global economy during the cold war due to their position as the wealthiest country and was the leader to aspiring democratic countries |
Over time, how did the US government expand opportunities for americans | They increased equality and opportunities for people of different race or gender |
What were some advantages and disadvantages of the welfare state in europe | They had high tax and government got more control of market |
What factors explain japan’s economic success in the decades after world war 2 |
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collectivization | Forced pooling of peasant land and labor in attempt to increase productivity |
Great leap forward | Mao program to urge people to increase farm and industrial output |
Cultural revolution | Mao great proletarian revolution to purge china of ‘bourgeois’ tendency |
38th parallel | Soviet and us divided korea by 38th parallel of latitude |
Kim il sung | Communist ally of soviet |
Syngman rhee | Noncommunist leader of korea |
Pusan perimeter | North korean troops advanced till un stopped them in august at pusan |
Demilitarized zone | Area with no military forces near 38th parallel |
China communism rev: China victory 1949→ commies gain control ⅕ world
Mao won, made People’s Republic of China
Defeat Nationalist(Jieng Jieshi) go to Taiwan→ CHINA COMMIE CONTROL
Commies won: mao won peasant pop support thru land redistribution, end oppression, nationalists w/ corruption and bad econ policies and west dependence not pop
Want new china, end foreign dom: People’s Liberation Army, conquer tibet 1950
Change chinese society: one-party totalitarian stae of People’s republic of china
No old stuff: budd, confuc, traditional, seize business property
Kill countterrevolutionaries & bouregoisie
Collectivization for productivity
The great leap forward falls: urge farm/industrial output, make backyard industry for efficiency→ low quality, useless→ famine 55M die
Cultural rev disrupt life: purge bourgeoisie tendency, make teenagers red gaurds w little red books
Econ slow, no school/factories/skilled → mao forced to restroe order
Cold war wild card: china
Split w/ soviet: uneasy allies cuz china didnt want foreign dependence
Clash ideology/border make soviet withdraw help
Wahstingon china card; us support nationalist for china at first cuz commies threat, but ‘play china card’: us isolate soviet between nato in west, china in east
Allowed replacing taiwan in UN, diplomatic relation 1979
Taiwan & nationalist: taiwan gov one party dictatorship, china want taiwan
Korean war
Divided nation: NK kim il sung commies w soviet, SK syman rhee US noncommies along 38th parallel
NK attack bringing UN response: go to pusan perimeter
US capture , cut resources
China reverses UN gain
Us alarm china, mao help NK to 38th = armistice
Two koreas: Like GER, NK(commies and econ down) & SK(demo & econ boom) develop separately
South korea recovers, successful transition, direct elections, want reunite over cold war differences
NK digs: kim il sung econ slow, self reliance, personality cult
guerrillas | Small groups of loosely organized soldiers making surprise raids |
Ho chi minh | Vietnam guerrillas led by nationalist/communist fought japanese/french |
dien bien phu | Indochina war 1954 victory, shoo france |
Domino theory | View that communist victory in south vietnam would cause noncommunist gov in SE ASIA to fall to communism |
Viet cong | National liberation front; communist rebels trying to overthrow S Vietnam |
Tet offensive | Bloody turning point in public opinion in US |
Khmer rouge | Force of cambodian communist guerrillas gaining ground in cambodia |
Pol pot | Khmer rouge brutal communist dictator – reign of terror |
Indochina after ww2: liberation struggle in french indochina
Jap overrule w guerrilla ,oppose foreign/colonial powers
Ho chi minh fight french: dienbienphu shoo FR, cambodia & laos independence separately
Vietnam divide: Ho(commies): N vietnam, Ngo Dinh: soviet help,, Diem(noncommies): S Vietnam: us help
S V liked N V cuz corruption, national heor, and foreign rule
Saw fight as nationalist struggle to free V from foreign dom
SV capital : Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh city 1976 for late leader
N V capital : hanoi: capital for reunited nation
mujahedin | Muslim religious warriors |
Mikhail gorbachev | Energetic new leader of soviet union |
glasnost | openness |
perestroika | Restructuring of gov and economy |
Lech walesa | Led economic hardships igniting by shipyard workers who organized solidarity |
solidarity | Independent labor union |
Vaclav havel | Dissident writer and human rights activist elected president for czechoslovakia |
Nicolae ceausescu | Romania’s longtime dictator refused to step down and was overthrown and executed |
Under stalin successor: Nikita Krushchev, soviet enjoy more free speech
economy problems
Collectivized agriculture unproduciteve – tsarist grain exporter had to import grain to feed people
Soviet command economy not match to western market in producing consumer goods
Central economic planning– inefficiency & waste
Cracking under the burden of military commitments: missiles from us cuz command economy strain
Soviet have their own ‘vietnam’ in afghanistan: try to modernize nation, Battling mujahedin
Gorbachev tries reform: sign arms control treaties w/ us, pull soviet out of afghan
In soviet, call for glasnost(openness): end censorship and encourage talking about country problems openly
Urge perestroika(restructure) of gov and economy
Allow farmers to sell on free market
Empire crumble: economic turmoil, denounce reforms, critics want radical changes, political unrest
E EU from poland-bulgaria break out of soviet orbit 1989
Baltic states-estonia, latvia, lithuania-which sovie tseized 1940 got independence 1991
End 1991, soviet repub separated to form 12 independent nations(3 baltic sates)
Largest: RUS, most pop & territory of former soviet
2nd large: kazakhstan & ukraine
Demands for freedom increase: resent RUS dom
Hungary quietly reforms w modestly → later freedom
Poland solidarity: outlaw union, arrest leaders(walesa), walesa released
E Ger change demand: aware, want more political freedom, market coneomy
Commies gov fall
China: Deng Xiaoping’s 1980 econ reforms, generate amazing econ boom 1990s
China economic boom
Vietnam have diplomatic relation with US and start tourism and coffee industries
North Korea stays isolated in totalitarian communist government
Cuba economy deteriorates without soviet, and us sanctions
Circumstances that got US involved into the vietnam war
Vietnam divided into halves, Ho Chi Minh was communist and US wanted to prevent spread of communism
South vietnamese commandos attacked North, the US & USSR(N V) attacked through boat
Was mistaken of 2nd attack→ president johnson continued with retaliation plan
Which of the following statements do you most agree with and why? (please list 2 reasons for the issue you feel is most important)
| I agree with the third statement the most. In a Democracy, citizens must sometimes protest to win government reforms. This is because there are always reasons for previous reforms and laws, and in order to change those respected laws, the citizens should have concrete reasons with adequate numbers of supporters to change the ways. Additionally, there may be underdogs in the government that do not have a party strong enough to support their causes. | ||||||||||
Death Penalty; please list the types of crimes you feel would merit the death penalty and how you would go about administering the death penalty, or, provide an alternative to the death penalty if you do not believe in capital punishment. What would your punishment be for dylann roof(the guy who shot and killed 9 people in a church in South Carolina) | I feel like crimes such as rape, and serial murder where one permanently harms another would merit the death penalty. My punishment for Dylann Roof would be to live in solitary confinement for life. | ||||||||||
1 - What did Napoleon III do in Mexico that made America upset? What were the results of the move? 2 - What was the result of Prussian control of Paris in the area of food consumption for Parisians? |
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Which statements do you agree with and why? (provide 3 reasons in your response) 1) - A stronger country has the right to take over a weaker country. 2) - A strong country should never interfere with weaker countries. 3) - A strong country should use its strength to help weaker countries 4) - A strong country should use its strength to gain the most economic advantages possible from weaker countries. | I agree with 3) where stronger countries help weaker countries. This is so that the countries would have good relations with each other and would be able to go through treaties and adjustments together. However, it should be acknowledged that the weaker country has to be the stronger country’s backup when they are in crisis. | ||||||||||
What view did most Missionaries take/have of Africans? | Most missionaries viewed Africans in a paternalistic view, seeing them nothing more than children who were in need of guidance. Due to this, the missionaries expanded their influence through churches, hospitals, and schools for western influence. However, this had a negative | ||||||||||
Who was David Livingstone and Henry StanleyWhat were King Leopold II stated goals vs his actual motivations? | Livingstone was the adventurist who ventured the insides of Africa for 30 years. Stanleywent went to Africa to find Livingstone and made a novel about his explorations. King Leopold II’s stated goal was to claim the congo basin. However, his real goal was to create trade treaties with the African leaders. He had the mission to ‘carry light for a better era’ when really he wanted profit. | ||||||||||
What is the best (most effective in your opinion) form of resistance...and why?
| I think marching is one of the best forms of resistance. This is because there is not as big of a threat for the marchers themselves as they are not at risk of violence and unemployment. This would also spread awareness of their issue in public. | ||||||||||
What were 2 changes the East India Company instituted in India that caused problems? | The new rifles given to sepoys caused problems as they were instructed to bite off the animal fat off of the top, which went against their beliefs. Another change that caused problems was that they forced even the high class sepoys to travel overseas, which was offensive. | ||||||||||
What was the dispute between GB and China regarding Tea and Opium? | China wanted to ban opium trade from Britain because it made them lose their balance of trade due to the addictions, but Britain wanted to maintain trade because they were benefiting silver and tea. | ||||||||||
What 3 factors led to ‘competition and paranoia’ within european powers | Treaties for peace, status, nationalism | ||||||||||
What were some of the advancements in warfare technologies in WWI | Rapid Fire machine gun, long range artillery, gasoline powered engine | ||||||||||
WHAT WAS THE TRIPLE alliance and what was the triple entente | Entente was with russia, britain and france. Alliance was with germany, austria-hungary, and italy | ||||||||||
What was a flapper, describe characteristics of someone in society that would be classified as a flapper | A Flapper was a symbol of the rebellious youth jazz age women who would go against previous social norms by showing more skin through ‘revealing’ clothing at the time and participating in liberating and freeing dances and acts. | ||||||||||
| 1) The red scare was the scared response to immigrants after world war 1. People were afraid of communism which caused immigrants to be shipped away when suspected. | ||||||||||
| 2) the great stock market crash | ||||||||||
What was Mein Kampf | It was the journal of Hitler who wrote of his Nazi ideologies and talked of anti semitism during his stay in prison after his failed attempt of a coup in Munich. | ||||||||||
What were the 5 appeasement reasons listed that prevented Germany from being stopped or discouraged |
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What was the Miracle at Dunkirk and what effect did it have on British Morale | British troops in France were able to escape through merchant boats, ship brothels, to carry soldiers to safety. This increased the morale of britains. | ||||||||||
What was the lend-lease act? How did this contradict neutrality act(1936-9) | The neutrality act stated that the countries would not get involved and take sides. The lend lease act was the lending of war materials to countries ‘deemed’ to receive help but this ended up favoring the allies which went against the neutrality act. | ||||||||||
What was “rosie the riveter” | She was the symbol of women labor during world war 2. |
flapper | Symbol of rebellious jazz age youth thru liberated young woman |
prohibition | Ban on manufacture & sale of alcohol(18th amendment) |
speakeasies | Illegal bars |
Harlem renaissance | African american cultural awakening in harlem |
psychoanalysis | Method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders |
abstract | Art composed of only lines, colors, shapes, with no recognizable subject |
dada | Reject traditional conventions, believed no sense or truth in world |
surrealism | Movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind |
1925 bio teach: John T Scopes tried to teach evolution
Broke law; went against bible’s version of creation
Guilty in scopes trial, fundamentalists believe that proceedings hurt cause
1922 T.S.Eliot ‘The Waste Land’ poem portraying world as spiritually empty & barren
‘The Sun Also Rises’ US Ernest Hemingway show rootless wondering of young ppl
‘Lost Generation”
Questions abt newtonian science(universe is machine)
1934 Enrico Fermi discover atomic fission: huge energy burst
1940, w/ Oppenheimer & Teller → atomic bomb
Postwar: scientists accept theory of relativity→ hard to understand, unsettling as it was beyond human reason
What changes did west society and culture experience after ww1 | Western society structure changes and has a more free environment as people recover from war trauma. People experiment with the limits of their boundaries. |
How did flappers symbolize changes in western society during the 1920s | Flappers symbolize freedom within women as they found ways to vote and gain power after war. |
How did the ideas of einstein and freud contribute to a sense of uncertainty | They were beyond human understanding and brought further chaos as long he no ld ideas were disturbed |
Choose one postwar writer and one postwar artist explain hwo the work of each reflected a new view of the world |
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Maginot line | France built a massive fortation among border w/ ger to prevent 3rd invasion |
Kellogg briand pact | Sponsored by us 1928, echoed hopeful spirit of locarno → want no war |
disarmament | Reduction of armed forces and weapons |
General strike | Strike by workers in many different industries at the same time |
overproduction | Condition in which the production of goods exceeds the demand for them |
finance | Management of money matters |
Federal reserve | the central banking system of the united states, which regulates banks |
Great depression | Painful time of global economic collapse |
Franklin d. roosevelt | 1932 us new president that argue gov take active role combating great depression |
New deal | Massive package of economic and social progress |
Despite disagreements, many work for peace in 1920s
Hope in 1925 when representatives from 7 eu sign treaties at locarno: settle ger’s disputed border w fr, belg, czech, poland → new era of peace
Kellogg-Briand Pact echo hope, every independent nation sign agreement, promising to renounce war
w/ the spirit, powers pursue disarmament: us, brit, fr, jap sign to reduce navy size, didnt on army
Crisis in finance, never seen danger, stock was famous w/ risky methods
Federal reserve tried to slow stock market by raising interest rates → fail cuz ppl didnt wanna borrow money→ hurt demand
Great depression quiet in 1929 start
1931 increase interest rate, disastrous, bought less, business & banks fail, unemployment
Unemployed couldn't buy goods, factories close, unemployment → ppl homeless and eat in soup kitchens
What political and economic challenges did the leading democracies face in the 1920s-1930s | Economic changes of having to repair, loan, and owe money to other countries after the war was the biggest problem. The tension between communism was also an important challenge that democracies faced. |
How did britain and france emerge from ww1 as both victors and losers | They were on the winning side of the war, however had huge economic losses and their cities were in need of great repair.
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What steps did the major powers take to protect the peace? Why did these moves have limited effects | They created treaties and formed the league of nations. These did not have much power as the ability to interfere with other country’s aggressive acts was not specified and people did not want to waste their already scarce resources. Additionally, the US's complete removal from the war scene made the movements hold less power. |
Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak or spread of the great depression a) falling demand b)federal reserve board c)financial crisis | The falling demand after the war contributed to the great depression as the advanced factories were creating excess, leading more people to be unemployed and slowing down the flow of money. The Federal Reserve’s policies of discouraging loans contributed to the great depression as people became more hesitant to buy stocks which lowered the demand by a lot. The financial crisis after the world war had an impact on the great depression as the US was a huge loaner to Germany who repaid all the war damages and personally to France and britain. This international money loan system caused panic among citizens when they tried to withdraw their life savings and realized that they were not available, causing people to rapidly take out money when possible, making a shortage of flowing money. |
How did the great depression affect political developments in the us | The great depression affected the political developments in the aid that they could provide during crises and brought up the question of how involved the federal government should be and what sort of role they have to the citizens. |
Benito Mussolini | Il Duce(leader): Son of socialist blacksmith & teacher=socialist |
Black Shirts | Party militants |
March on Rome | Tens of thousands of fascists swarming the capital |
Totalitarian State | One-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens |
Fascism | Centralized authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights |
Benito mussolini(son of socialist blacksmith & teacher): socialist(changed to nationalist during war)
1919 org veterans to Fascist party: unity & authority
Fiery & charismatic speaker: promise end corruption and bring order, bring roman greatness
Mussolini org “combat squads”: Black Shirts
Broke up socialist parties, attacked, used intimidation & terror to oust officials
Many agree cuz they lost faith to gov
1922 fascist bid for power
Naples rally: go to rome and demand gov make change: march on rome lead
King victor emmanuel III ask mussolini to be prime minister cuz he scared → oct 30 1922
Legal constitutional appointment to italy
Il Duce
Suppress rival, rig elections, censor press, replace officials
1929 gain pope support for recog vatican as independent state(altho he disagree w/ his goals)
Italy was parliamentary monarchy but actually dictatorship
Secret police & propaganda alert
Economic growth & end conflicts: mussolini put economy under state control, keep capitalism
Party control industry agri, trade → favor upper class & indust leaders
Production increase, workers suffered;no strike, low wage
Sworn enemies of socialist and communists
Com: work for international change, fasc: nationalist
Fasc: society w/ defined classes, like business leaders, money ppl, mid class
Comm: classless society, liked by workers
Both ideologies had power inspiring blind devotion of state, use terror for power, flourish in economic hard times of programs of social change
Both elites claimed to rule in name of national interest
How and why did fascism rise in italy | Because the government, economic, and mental state of Italy was very weak, and Mussolini brought strong guidance. |
What problems did Italy face after ww1. How did these problems help Mussolini win power? | Their secret promised land not being fulfilled, economy crashing, political disputes, class strikes. |
Describe one of mussolini’s economic or social goals and explain the actions he took to achieve it | He had a goal of shaping the youth which he did through extreme military programs. |
List two similarities and two differences between fascism and communism | Similarities: power from terror, blind devotion Differences: class/classless, international/national |
Mussolini said, ‘machines and women are the two causes of unemployment’ a) what did you think he meant? b) how did mussolini’s policies reflect his attitude toward women? | He meant that machines and women were taking away the men’s ‘natural job’ through their efficiency. He probably took a harsher approach and found it near impossible for equality to exist between the sexes. |
Command economy | Gov officials made all basic economic decisions |
collectives | Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group |
kulaks | Wealthy farmers |
gulag | A system of brutal labor camps where many died |
Socialist realism | Art style that showed soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future |
russification | Making a nationality’s culture more russian |
atheism | Belief that there is no god → became official state policy |
Comintem | Communist international formed by lenin 1919 |
Lenin body: widow: Nadezhda Krupskaya want to bury him next to mom, Communist Party(Stalin) want to preserve body and display
Displayed in red square for 65+ years → stalin show he would carry goals of revolution, takes measures to control soviet union and ppl
1928 propose 1st of 5 yr plan aimed: building heavy industry, improving transportation, increasing farm output
Economic activity under gov control; own all business and distribute all resource
Soviet: command economy(gov control on econ),
capitalist free market have control on econ, private businesses compete for consumer choice→reg price and quality
Lenin’s New Economic Plan(NEP) peasants had lil land → many prosper(KULAKS)
Stalin see inefficient and power threat: want collectives
Collectives: gov give all supplies, peasants learn modern methods & can keep personal belongings but animals are all for collective, price is all done by gov → dekulakization: 1932 Terror famine
Use terror as weapon against own people
Violated rimes against individual rights & humanity
Police spies open private letters, plant listening devices
Censored press, no protest
Critics sent to labor camps: GULAG→ die
1934 Great purge on political enemies → impact cuz not enough ppl when they invade soviet
Stalin purge resistance, control hearts and minds of citizens
Propaganda, censorship, forcing russian culture(russification), replacing religion w/ communist ideology(atheism)
Soviet elite had industrial managers, military leaders, scientists, artists, writers: enjoy privileged benefits
Best apartments, best vacation, best shopping → Purges went to elites yikes!!
Common ppl had new benefits(women equality too)
All children go to FREE commi-built school
Support technical schools & universities: educated workers for modern industrial state
Programs for outside of school: sport, cultural activity,s political classes for party membership,
→ communist values: atheism, glory of collective farming, love stalin
Provide free medical care, day care, inexpensive housing, public recreation
Many lack necessities tho→ new complexes, but housing scarce
Families cramped in 1 room, many bread(no meat, fruit, others)
1917-1939 soviet union pursue foreign policy goals
Commies: lenin & stalin want world revolution like marx, BUT soviet want nation security by winning other countries
2 contradictory unsuccessful foreign policies
1919 lenin make: communist international: COMINTERN; to encourage world revolution
West SUS
How did stalin transform the soviet union into a totalitarian state | He used violence against any opposing party and censored everything so that he could control the citizen’s minds |
What were the goals and results of Stalin's five-year plans? How did the effects differ between industry and agriculture? | Goal was to build and improve industry & agriculture. Increase industry, fail agriculture |
How did the command economy under stalin differ from a capitalist economy | Stalin was controlling all businesses and there was no such thing as open market, limiting the price and quality of goods as well as the distribution |
What methods did stalin use to create a totalitarian state | He used terror of people to his advantage as he killed all those who had the slightest relevance to going against his power. |
One historian has said that socialist realism was ‘communism with a smiling face’ what do you think he meant? | Because all socialist realism style artworks are portraying peasants and ordinary citizens as heroes whilst praising Russia and Stalin for their generosity. |
Compare life under stalin’s rule with life under the russian tsars | They were similar as they had total control and used violence to install fear within the citizens so that they would stay loyal and obedient to the state. |
chancellor | Prime minister |
Ruhr valley | Coal rich valley |
Third reich | Hitler’s rule which he boasted german master race would dominate eu for thousands |
gestapo | Secret police |
Nuremberg laws | Nazi law 1935 that deprived jew of german citizenship w/ restrictions |
Coup fail, Hitler behind bars → gonna become a powerful force
Ww1 end, GER near chaos → under threat of socialist revolution, kaiser abdicated
Moderate leaders signed armistice, became versailles treaty after protest
1919 GER leaders draft a constitution in city of Weimar
Create demo gov: Weimar Republic
Constitution set up parliamentary system by chancellor
Econ disaster → unrest
1923 GER fell behind in reparation pay, FR had coal rich Ruhr Valley
GER in RUhr protest w/ passive resistance & refused to work
Gov payed, printed money to support workers → inflation → misery & despair
German mark worthless
100 marks 1922=944,000 marks 1923
Salaries rose by billions, still not enough
*storm troopers are military dudes against politics
1923 hitler failed to get power in munich→arrested & guilty w/ Treason →wrote the Mein Kampf(My Struggle) which is later the basic books of nazi goals & ideologies
Reflect Hitler’s obsession of nationalism, racism, anti-semitism → Germany is ‘master race’ of Aryans, enemies were Jews
Hitler’s idea rooted in anti-semitism
Middle age-christians kill jews cuz diff beliefs
Rise of nationalism in 1800 → ppl identify jews as ethnic outsiders
Hitlers view jews not as separate religion but as separate ‘race’ (Definition: jew grandparent)
Similar like right-wing, blame germany defeat on Marxist, Jew, corrupt politics, business
‘Slavs and inferior race must bow to aryan’, GER needs FUHRER(strong leader): Hitler
Hitler used as excuse to attack al jews
KRISTALLNACHT: night of broken glass november 9,10
Naziled mbos attack all jew in GER, AUSTRIA, CZECH
Make sinister plan: Final Solution for extermination of all Jews
How did hitler and the nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in germany | They used censorship, nationalism, propaganda, violence, suppressed lal opposition |
List 3 problems faced by weimar republic | Political struggles, inflation, great depression |
What racial and nationalistic ideas did nazis promote | That aryan race was superior and jews were to blame for all |
What were some of the restrictions that hitler placed on german jews | They couldn't have citizenship Prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending/teaching GER schools/uni, hold gov jobs, practice law/medicine/publishing books |
Do you think there are any reasons why a government would be justified in banning books or censoring ideas? explain | The government may think it would be justified in censoring ideas if they are harmful to the stability of the structure. However this still does not justify it. |
Why did dictators gain power in much of eastern europe | Because ethnic and economic tensions brought the need for stability. |
Both Stalin and hitler instituted ruthless campaigns against supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think the dictators need to find scapegoats for the nation's ills? | For nationalism and for keeping the people’s spirit up. |
Appeasement | Giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace |
pacifism | Opposition to all war |
Neutrality acts | Congress passing acts that forbade the sale of arms to any nations at war |
Axis powers | The three nations agreed to fight soviet communism |
Francisco francis | 1936 conservative general who led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war |
anschluss | Union of austria and germany |
sudetenland | Region of western czechoslovakia be given autonomy |
Nazi-soviet pact | Bound hitler and stalin to peace relations |
One of earliest test by japan
Military leaders & ultra nationalist thought jap should have empire=west power
Seize manchuria 1931
League of nations condemn aggression, Jap just withdrew from org
→easy success strengthen militarist faction in jap
1937 jap overrun east china → 2nd sino-jap war
West protests don't stop jap
Italy: mussolini act his imperialist ambitions → defeat by ethopians 1896 battle of Adowa 🙁
1935 invade ethiopia, ppl resist but outdated weapons cant rival tank, machine gun, poison gas, airplanes
King: haile selassie ask for league of nations for help
League have sanctions against italy for violating international law → no power
1936 italy has ethiopia
Hitler goes against the treaty of versailles
Hitler test will of western demo→ was weak
Built GER military against treaty
1936 sent troops in demilitarized rhineland bordering france –another treaty violation
Challenge to versailles treaty make him pop
Westerns denounce, no action → policy of Appeasement
Neutrality acts for appeasement
Rome-Berlin Tokyo Axis: fight soviet communism
Spain collapse in civil war with Francisco Franco(hitler, mussolini) vs Loyalists(Brit, FR, US)
Nazi experiment on new planes
German aggression: want living space so he can gain resources, annex austria, get sudetenland
Nazi-soviet pact: peaceful division of poland & EU: mutual fear & suspicions
Invasion of poland | September 1 1939, week after nazi-sovet pact, GEr invade poland→brit & fr action
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What events unfolded between chamberlain’s declaration of peace for our time and the outbreak of a world war | Germany took over czech, and invade poland w/ pact w/ soviet |
How did the western democracies respond to the aggression of the axis powers during the 1930s | They used appeasement |
Why did germany and italy become involved in the spanish civil war | They wanted to support their sides; fascist |
How was the munich conference a turning point in the road toward world war | It was when germany said that they would take sudentenland and birtian and france convinced czech to just let it be. However germany break promise and bring ww2 |
Why do you think some historians call the period between the 1919 and 1939 the 20-year truce | Because there was an agreement not to start any war during that time between world powers. |
blitzkrieg | Hitler’s Lightning war |
luftwaffe | German air force |
dunkirk | Beach that was target for troops to get picked up |
vichy | German made puppet state with capital |
General erwin rommel | One of hitler’s best commanders to north africa: Desert Fox |
Concentration camps | Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state |
holocaust | Nazis massacring millions of jews |
Lend-lease act | March 1941 FDR persuade congress that allow him to sell/lend war materials to ‘any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the US’ |
First winter, FR behind maginot line, brit also wait w/ them: quiet time: phony war
April 1940 hitler launch Blitzkrieg against Norway & denmark(falls) → then go to netherlands & belgium
May GER forces surprise FR & BRIT by attacking thru Ardennes Forest in Belgium(invasion proof)!!
Went thru maginot line, GER into FR
BRIT trapped between nazi & english channel
Brit sent all available naval vessels, merchant ships, fishing, pleasure boats across channel to get troops from Dunkirk beach
Despite GER air attack, improved armada ferry more than 300,000 troops to safety in Brit
France falls
GEr forces go south to paris
Italy war on FR and attack from south
FR: overrun & demoralized: surrender
June 22 1940- Hitler force FR to sign surrender docs in same railroad car which GER signed armistice ending ww1
Follow surrender, GER occupy N FR
South: GER make puppet state: capital: vichy
Some FR escape to ENGLAND, set up gov-in-exile
Led by Charles de Gualle, ‘free french’ work to liberate homeland
Within FR, resistance fighters use guerrilla tactics against german forces
Operation sea lion
Fall of FR: brit stood alone in west EU
Hitler thought BRIT would sue for peace
Winston churchill(replace neville chamberlain) for prime minister was quirky
Hitler saw defiance, made Operation Sea Lion: invasion of BRIT
Prepare by bombing island nations
Beginning of august 1940: GER bombers daily bombard ENG south coast
1 month, brit royal air force battle luftwaffe
GER change tactics, doesnt bomb in south → bomb LONDON
An unstoppable german army stalls
Hitler motives: “if i had all countries(Oral, Siberia, Ukraine w/ resources, Germany under National Socialist leadership would swim in plenty”
Wanted to end communism in EU & defeat powerful rival: Stalin
Hitler new blitzkrieg in soviet union: 3 mill GER soldiers invaded → caught stalin unprepared
Stalin suffer from purge that wiped out top officers
Stalin lost 2.5 million soldiers tryna fend off invaders → forced back → burn factories, farm equip, crops so not outside of enemy hands
Couldnt stop GER war machine
Autumn: nazi smash into soviet, wanna take moscow & leningrad(st petersburg)
GER advance stall → like napoleons’ grand army 1812, Hitler not prepared for General winter
December: -40 F(-4C) thousands of GER freeze to death
2 leaders issue atlantic charter; goal: final destruction of nazi tyranny & post war world
Which regions were attacked and occupied by the axispowers, and what was life like under their occupation | Poland, Norway & denmark & netherlands & belgium
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Describe hilter’s blitzkrieg tactics | He used airplanes to drop bombs |
Referring to teh battle of britian in 1940, winston churchill said ‘never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few’ what did he mean | He was referring to the pilots and bombers that took control of the air freedom |
Hitler translated his hatred into a program of genocide. How idd ethnic, racial, and religious hatred weaken society | It made everyone turn and blame just one minority, making everything irrelevant and nonimportant |
Rosie the riveter | Women symbolized in US, built ships and planes and produced munitions |
Aircraft carrier | Ships that transport aircraft and accommodate the takeoff and landing of airplanes |
Dwight eisenhower | American general 1942 took command of joint brit and american force in morocco and algeria |
stalingrad | Hitler’s troop’s longest range |
d-day | June 6 1944 invasion of france |
Yalta conference | Three leaders agreed that soviet union would enter war against japan w/ three months of GER surrender |
Allied victory in north africa
In NA, brit led by General: bernard Montgomery fought Rommel
Battle of El Alamein nov 1942: allies halt desert fox advance
Tanks drove axis back to libya into tunisia
Later 1942 american generaL: Dwight Eisenhoewr command of joint brit ameri force in morocco and algeria
Advance tunisia from west, traps rommel army→ surrender may 1943
Germans defeated at stalingrad
Major point in soviet union
1941 lightning advance, GER stall moscow & leningrad
1942 hitler launch new offense: for rich oil fields in south → only got to stalingrad
Battle of stalingrad was costliest
Hitler wanna capture stalin’s city, stalin wanna defend
Start: ger surround city w/ winter coming, fights at each house
GER officer: soldiers fought for 2 weeks for single building, corpses’are strewn in cellars, on landings, and the staircaess’
November, soviet encircle attackers → trapped, no food, no ammunition, no hope rescue → GER surrender january 1943
Hitler’s forces got losses of troop and equipment
Early 1944 soviet troops in eastern europe
The d-day assault
Allies chose june 6, 1944: D-day for invasion of FR
Before midnight of june5, allied planes dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines
Thousands of ships ferried 156,000 allied troops across english channel & fight to shore through underwater mines & machine gun fire
“Ppl dying, could have walked to beach w/out touching ground cuz so much dead’
Allied troops go to normandy→ early august: massive armor division under US general: George S Patton help joint brit ameri force thru GER defense & to paris
Other allies go from italy to land in southern FR
Paris: FR resistance rose against occupying GER
Under pressure, GER retreat
August 25, allies enter paris, next month→ FR Free
Allies continue to advance
GER reel under incessant(bombing)
2 year allied bombs on military, factories, railroads, oils, cities
To cripple GER industry & morale
10day bombing erase industrial city of Hamburg: 40,000 dead, 1 million refugee
February 1945 allied raids on Dresden(most beautiful cities in EU) killed 135,000
After free france, allied go battle FER
Advance in belgium december,
GER has mass counterattack
- battle of bulge: 1 month terrible loss
GER unable to break thru
Allied advance delayed for 6 weeks
Soviet battle thru GER, advance in berlin
Hitler support in GER decline, survived 1 assassination by senior german military
Early 1945 defeat of ger coming
Uneasy agreement at yalta
Plan strategy while in distrust
Stalin: soviet need to maintain control of E EU to protect future aggression
Churchill & roosevelt: want self determination w/ people’s gov
Needed stalin’s help for war
Yalta conference: agree soviet enter war against Japan w/in 3 months of GER surrender → churchill and roosevelt promise stalin that soviet take southern sakhalin island, kuril island, occupation zone in korea??????
Agree GER temporarily divide to 4, governed by us, fr, brit, soviet
Stalin agree for free elections → mistrustssssss
How did the allies begin to push back the axis power | They cornered generals and troops to make them surrender
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How did democratic gov mobilize their economies for war | They went into total war and used car and refrigerator parts for airplanes instead. Women were used for mechanical work for bombs while the men were at war |
Explain why the battles of midway, el alamein, and stalingrad were important turning points in war | They all changed the power dynamics of the war as hitler slowly starts losing control |
Why didnt yalta conference lead to lasting unity among big three leaders | Because there was mistrust between the free elections for European states. |
V-E Day | Victory in europe may 8 1945: hitler suicide, Ger surrender, war in eu end |
Bataan Death March | May 1942 japanese take philippines, kill us soldiers, 10,000 filipino in 65 mile bataan death march |
Douglas Macrthur | Us forces led, gradual move north toward jap |
Island hopping: GOT WRONG | Goal to recapture some japanese held islands while bypassing others |
kamikaze | Pilots who undertook suicide missions by crashing explosive laden airplanes into us warships |
Manhattan project | Racing to harness atom |
hiroshima | Jap city that was atomically bombed by us plane |
nagasaki | Second atomic bomb us dropped |
March 1945 allies cross Rhine into west GER
East :soviet close in Berlin
Late april: US & RUS soldiers met at Elbe River
All EU, axis begin to surrender
Italy: guerrilla captured, executed mussolini
Soviet fight into berlin, Hitler suicide in underground bunker
May 7 GER surrendered
Official: EU war end: may 8 1945: V-E Day
12 yrs, Hitler’s ‘thousand-year Reich’ in ruin
Allies defeat axis powers in EU for many reasons
Location of GER, and allies: fought on several fronts
Hitler made some poor military decisions
Underestimated ability of soviet union
US productive capacity
1944 US produce 2x axis production
Allied bombing hinder GER production
Oil scarce cuz luftwaffe
Victory of EU, allies need to go to japan in pacific
Struggle for pacific
Mid 1942 jap won uninterrupted series of victories
Control much southeast asia & pacific islands
May 1942 japan gain control of philippines→ kill hundreds us & phillip during 65 mile Bataan Death March
Survivor: describe macabre litany of heat, dust, starvation, thirst, flies, filth, stench, murder, torture, corpses, brutality
Many filipino risked/lost lives for food & water to captives on march
After Battle of Midway and the Coral Sea → US offensive
US marines landed in Guadalcanal in solomon islands
Victory start “island-hopping’ campaign: to recapture japanese held islands; to be sued as stepping stones
→ General Douglas macarthur gradually moved north to jap
1944 us navy commanded by chester nimitz blockaded japan, us bombers pounded jap cities & industries
October 1944 macarthur fight to retake philippines
Britain push jap back into jungles of burma and malaya
Invasion or the bomb
Beginning in 1944, some young jap choose Kamikaze(suicide mission pilots w/ explosives onto us warships)
Splitting of atom– explosion powerful
Allied scientists: manhattan project; race to atomic bomb
Test 1945 alamogordo new mexico
Atomic bomb terrible new for destruction
After consulting he chose to use against jap cuz it would save american lives
At time: truman met other allied leaders: potsdam, germany → issued warning to jap to surrender or face ‘complete destruction
When jap ignore, us took action
Utter devastation(hiroshima & nagasaki)
August 6, 1945 us plane dropped atomic bomb to hiroshima
Flatten 4 square miles, kill 70,000
Following months, many die from radiation fro exposure
August 8 soviet war on jap & invaded manchuria
Jap did not respond
Next day, us 2nd atomic bomb on nagasaki: 40,000 dead
September 2, 1945 formal peace treaty sign on board of american battleship missouri in tokyo bay
How did the allies finally defeat the axis powers |
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How did the location of the axis powers in europe contribute to their defeat | They were in the middle of conflict |
What factors besides ending the war in the pacific might have contributed to president harry truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb | Pressure to do something within his first 100 days as president. |
Nuremberg | Allies held war crime trials at nuremberg where hitler ahd rallies in 1930s |
United nations (UN) | A charter drafted by delegates from 50 nations, UN is more better than league of nations |
Cold war | State of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the united states on one side and the soviet union on the other wlout armed conflict |
Truman doctrine | Policy rooted in idea of containment, limiting communism to areas already under soviet control |
Marshall plan | To strengthen democratic gov, us offered massive aid package |
North atlantic treaty organization (NATO) | Us & 10 other form new military alliance |
Warsaw pact | Soviet’s own military alliance |
War crime trials:
War time meetings: allies agreed axis leaders should be tried ‘crimes against humanity’
Germany, allies held them in nuremberg→most guilty w/ death sentences to top nazis w/ others imprisoned
SHOWED POLITICAL & MILITARY LEADERS COULD BE ACCOUNTABLE FOR WARTIME ACTIONS
–us build demo constituion & new gov for peace & tolerance–
United Nations: UN strong, 5 permanent members(US, soviet, brit, fr, chin): veto any council decision
Ensure peace
US & soviet: world leaders(abandon isolationism to combat communism)
War: cooperate to defeat nazi→ agreement w axis 1947 → reparations in GER & gov→ cold war
Stalin 2 goals in e eu
want s to spread communism
Wanted to create buffer zone of friendly gov as defense afainst GER which invaded RUS during ww1, and in 1941
Wartime conference: stalin try to persuade west to accept soviet influence in E EU
Said us wasnt consulting soviet bout peace for italy/jap, both defeated & occupied by us and britain troops like soviet determined fate of e eu
Roosevelt & churchill rejected stalin’s view, making him promise ‘free elections’ in e eu
Stain ignore pledge, most e eu alr had communist parties, many had resisted nazis during war
Backed by red army, these local communists in poland, czech, else destroyed rival political parties & assassinated democratic leaders
By 1948 pro-soviet commies gov in place thru e eu
Stalin aggressive→ Truman Doctrine: containing limited communism to areas under soviet control
Us resist soviet expansion by sending military & econ aid
Marshall Package: offer massive aid package to strenghten demo gov & help rebuild
Offered to soviet, rejected, saying soviet would have better
Ger recovery→ west wanna extend marshall plan→ soviet furious & territorial→ divided nation
Demo: ppl own constitution, self gov
Socialist: dictatorship under stalin
Berlin Airlift: stalin 1948 tryna force west out by sealing railroad/highway → west mounted around airlift→ west win
Tension: NATO alliance w/ US & canada, etc: democratic
Soviet military: Warsaw pact; dictatorship in practice
Both use propaganda
What issues arose in the aftermath of ww2 and how did new tensions develop | The spread of communism and power control |
How did the peace made after ww2 differ from that made after ww1 | They were more serious in ensuring peace |
What was the main purpose of the UN when it was founded | To ensure the peace would be authorized by the world powers |
List two causes of the cold war | The arguments of the spread of communism and the power control |
Why is it important to remember the inhumanity of the holocaust | So that it will not be repeated again and the losses and consequences of the war will be remembered. |
Vocab: | Define the vocab as it presents itself in the chapter (insert rows to accommodate the number of words) |
superpowers | Nations stronger than other powerful nations: reagan vs khrushchev |
Anti-ballistic missiles(ABMs) | Missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries |
Ronald reagan | President that launched program to build star wars missile defense against nuclear attack |
Detente | Us & soviet control agreements led to era; relaxation of tensions during 1970s |
Fidel castro | Organized armed rebellion against the corrupt dictator |
John f kennedy | President supported invasion attempt by US trained cuban exiles |
ideology | Value system and beliefs around the globe |
Nikita khrushchev | After stalin death, he emerged as new soviet leader |
Leonid brezhnev | Khrushchev’s successor held power |
containment | America’s basic policy toward communist countries known |
Bridge of spies
Two sides face off in Europe
Cold war confrontation in eu, 2 superpowers armies confront after ww2
Each superpower formed a eu military alliance made for nations occupied/protected
US led North Atlantic Treaty Organization: NATO, in west EU
Soviet union led warsaw pact in eastern europe
2 alliances in EU faced each other along Iron Curtain; tense line between democratic west & communist east
Berlin focus of cold war: demo west(show west GER prosper), commies east(low paid east GER fled to west berlin)
E GER made Berlin wall: forcibly kept from fleeing
E EU resists: early revolts in E Berlin spread to E GER but no match to RUS tanks
1956 challenge soviet authority for economic reform: poland & hungary
- poland: soviet backed mass arrests of noncommies & private
Hungary: Imre Nagy: end 1party rule, wanna pull out warsaw→ mass assault & executed
1968 czech: Alexander Dubcek: freedom of expression & limit demo
Freedom→ prague spring→ soviet fear demo→ warsaw invasion to end freedom
Nuclear threaten world: US had more ww2→ 1949 soviet → 1953 hydrogen bombs(destructive)
Mutual assured destruction→ fear
Limit nuclear weapons: disarmaments talks, agreements
1969 us/soviet: SALT(strategic arms limitation talks)
Limit antiballistic missile AMB: missile kill missile – threaten balance of terror
1980 reagan program: star wars against nuclear(missile defense)-controvers cuz AMB treaty
Both signed Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 1991
Building detente: relax from tension 1970
Us strategy to restrain soviet thru diplomatic agreements than military
Fail 1979 soviet invade afghan
Stop nuclear spread: brit, fr, chin 1960s nuclear
Many wanna stop race: 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT): stop proliferation
Global Cold war
Building alliances/bases: NATO w/ EU demo
US & allies 1955 Southeast-Asia treaty organization (SEATO): us, brit, fr, austral, paki, thail, new z, phil
Central Treaty Org(CENTO): brit, tur,, iran, paki
Military alliacne w/ jap, skorea
Soviet alliance: warsaw w african/asian gov: CHina commies: Soviet Bloc
US make navy, army, air around globe so soviet is encircled
Cold war hot: local conflicts in cold war indirectly
Main china soviet, eu colonies want independence(guerrillas)
Korea & vietnam impo cuz they got weapons, training
Cuba communists: fidel castro rebellion against corrupt: Cuban revolution
Support soviet, many flee to florida
US JFK support cuban exile invasion: Bay of Pigs Invasion: invaders come ashore cuba, fail cuz castro capture
US trade embargo on cuba
Cuba Missile crisis: soviet send nuclear to cuba- kennedy naval blockade for further, demand remove–soviet nikita khrushcev agree to remove missile
Soviet union in cold war
Soviet communism: public life; obedience, discipline, economic security, spread ideology: gov decisions that dont make much sense, for political reasons
Stalin successors: Nikita khrushev: 1956 shack commies denounce stalin power abuse: want more freedom, ease censor
Successor: Brezhnev recensor and imprison
Soviet resist: criticize gov
Andrey sakharov scientist talk bout liberties: silenced
Alekandr solzhenitsyn soldier letter: prison camp, released under khrushchev, banned
US in cold war
Free markets: Commies had command economies, capitalist had market economies
Producers and consumer decision, profit and grow
Containing soviet union: containment in boundaries
Living in nuclear danger: fallout shelters in backyards, in public
School air-raid drills like fire drills
Search for inside enemies: red scares
McCarthy senator search, accused innocent: McCarthyism
House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) make us representative house
Expose symphathizers in hollywood
Even if past deed, labeled as commies–no jobs
What were the military and political consequences of the cold wra in the soviet union, europe, and the united states | Military: arms race Political: communism vs democracy
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What kinds of conflicts resulted from the global confrontation between the two superpowers | More arms race, red scare, death and conflict between other local countries |
How did the buildup of nuclear weapons discourage their use | There was a mutual assured destruction |
Identify similarities and differences between the soviet union and the united states during the cold war | Similarities: Supported their own sides in local fights indirectly Nuclear power Differences: US expanded their influence of military Communism vs capitalism |
recession | Periods when the economy shrinks, were brief and mild |
suburbanization | The movement to communities outside an urban core |
segregation | Legal forced separation in education and housing |
discrimination | Unequal treatment or barriers |
Dr. martin luther king jr | Gifted preacher emerged as leader of civil rights movement |
Konrad adenauer | 1949-1963 was west germany’s chancellor, prime minister |
Welfare state | A country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of the people |
European community | Organization dedicated to establishing free trade among member nations for all products |
Gross domestic product (GDP) | The total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year |
US central role: global political leader: league of nations in switz, UN in new york city
Foreign trade boom, world bank finance world econ: washington dc
International monetary fund(IMF) oversee world finance
Postwar us boom: suburbanization, move to sunbelts(south): plentiful job, warm, AC & water in irrigation
Culture influence: art: movies, tele, rock(elvis, musical comedies, hollywood, action)
Federal gov help econ boom: prez truman make congress help veteran/elder/poor programs
Dwight eisenhower fund interstate highway
Oil Shock recession: dependence on world econ
Early 1970s political crisis in middle east→ decrease oil export
Oil price rise, us expensive gas, dependence
Others also depend, high $ oil leave businesses less demand
Prosperity end 1974: economy alternate prosperity/recession
Democracy opportunities
segregation/discrimination: prosperity not equal, slavery abolished by AF US want equality
school/housing/jobs/voting discriminant
Truamn desegregate armed forces, US supreme court LAND MARK RULING: brown v board of education of Tpeka: declare segregated schools unconstitutional
Rosa Parks sparked movement
US Civil rights: 1956 martin luther king jr leader: Extend equal rights to all americans, especially AF(boycotts, peace march)
1963 i have a dream all men created equal actually into effect
Us ppl join movement, brutal attack on sconcisence, asians/latino/natives join for equality
Congress outlaw public segregation/voting/equal access
Still poverty/unemployment/discrimination
Women equality: inspired, won laws banning discrimination against women: higher salaries/positions
Gov role grows: expand social program 1960s: kennedy/johnson: medicare
Repub respond: 1980 regan repub cutbak in tax/gov spend: improve opportunities for US, military increase
Increase spending & tax cuts→ national budget deficit: cuts in social and economic programs: education, welfare, environmental protect
West EU rebuild
GER divide, reunited: US BRIT FR: NATO in west, SOV: warsaw in east
1989 soviet decline, GER reunification cuz E GER unable to control, forced to open west border
E GER reunification 1990s vote
W GER econ boom: US aid w/ marshall plan & others to strengthen W GER
1949-63 Konrad Adenauer W GER chancellor guide rebuilding to modern high productive industry base
Boom industrial econ
BRIT narrow horizons: econ slow recover, can’t afford large military presence altho marshall plan
Brit abandon colonial empire after independence demands– recover 1950-60
No big boom, but recover
Other EU prosper: belg, netherlands independence, FR abandon empire after colonial war in vietnam/algeria (demoralized)
Most W EU war damage: marshall plan help
Improved living w/ econ boom
Poorer: spain, ireland get investment for econ boom
Build welfare state: eu work for econ prosperity
Mant want to extend welfare state
Gov expand social programs w higher tax
Limit welfare state: 1979 brit turn to conservative cuz welfare too costly and inefficient
Margaret thatcher: reduce social welfare programs cuz tax and free market
EUropean unity: 1952 W GER, nether, belg, luxem, fr, ital make EU coal & stell company: free Establish free trade in coal & steel among members by eliminating tariffs & barriers
EU econ community 1957 Euopean community for free trade, no tariffs, move workers
Japan transform
US occupier change: MacArthur make Jap emporer lose power, new parliamentary demo
Social reforms: edu, equality, land reforms, rebuild
End occupation 1952, military bases & trading partners remain
Jap democracy: LIberal democratic party, coalition
Econ miracle: export success thru efficient factories, educated workforce, protect home industries
High quality exports, trade surplus, more than US
How was the US economy linked to the broader global economy during the cold war | US economy was linked to the global economy during the cold war due to their position as the wealthiest country and was the leader to aspiring democratic countries |
Over time, how did the US government expand opportunities for americans | They increased equality and opportunities for people of different race or gender |
What were some advantages and disadvantages of the welfare state in europe | They had high tax and government got more control of market |
What factors explain japan’s economic success in the decades after world war 2 |
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collectivization | Forced pooling of peasant land and labor in attempt to increase productivity |
Great leap forward | Mao program to urge people to increase farm and industrial output |
Cultural revolution | Mao great proletarian revolution to purge china of ‘bourgeois’ tendency |
38th parallel | Soviet and us divided korea by 38th parallel of latitude |
Kim il sung | Communist ally of soviet |
Syngman rhee | Noncommunist leader of korea |
Pusan perimeter | North korean troops advanced till un stopped them in august at pusan |
Demilitarized zone | Area with no military forces near 38th parallel |
China communism rev: China victory 1949→ commies gain control ⅕ world
Mao won, made People’s Republic of China
Defeat Nationalist(Jieng Jieshi) go to Taiwan→ CHINA COMMIE CONTROL
Commies won: mao won peasant pop support thru land redistribution, end oppression, nationalists w/ corruption and bad econ policies and west dependence not pop
Want new china, end foreign dom: People’s Liberation Army, conquer tibet 1950
Change chinese society: one-party totalitarian stae of People’s republic of china
No old stuff: budd, confuc, traditional, seize business property
Kill countterrevolutionaries & bouregoisie
Collectivization for productivity
The great leap forward falls: urge farm/industrial output, make backyard industry for efficiency→ low quality, useless→ famine 55M die
Cultural rev disrupt life: purge bourgeoisie tendency, make teenagers red gaurds w little red books
Econ slow, no school/factories/skilled → mao forced to restroe order
Cold war wild card: china
Split w/ soviet: uneasy allies cuz china didnt want foreign dependence
Clash ideology/border make soviet withdraw help
Wahstingon china card; us support nationalist for china at first cuz commies threat, but ‘play china card’: us isolate soviet between nato in west, china in east
Allowed replacing taiwan in UN, diplomatic relation 1979
Taiwan & nationalist: taiwan gov one party dictatorship, china want taiwan
Korean war
Divided nation: NK kim il sung commies w soviet, SK syman rhee US noncommies along 38th parallel
NK attack bringing UN response: go to pusan perimeter
US capture , cut resources
China reverses UN gain
Us alarm china, mao help NK to 38th = armistice
Two koreas: Like GER, NK(commies and econ down) & SK(demo & econ boom) develop separately
South korea recovers, successful transition, direct elections, want reunite over cold war differences
NK digs: kim il sung econ slow, self reliance, personality cult
guerrillas | Small groups of loosely organized soldiers making surprise raids |
Ho chi minh | Vietnam guerrillas led by nationalist/communist fought japanese/french |
dien bien phu | Indochina war 1954 victory, shoo france |
Domino theory | View that communist victory in south vietnam would cause noncommunist gov in SE ASIA to fall to communism |
Viet cong | National liberation front; communist rebels trying to overthrow S Vietnam |
Tet offensive | Bloody turning point in public opinion in US |
Khmer rouge | Force of cambodian communist guerrillas gaining ground in cambodia |
Pol pot | Khmer rouge brutal communist dictator – reign of terror |
Indochina after ww2: liberation struggle in french indochina
Jap overrule w guerrilla ,oppose foreign/colonial powers
Ho chi minh fight french: dienbienphu shoo FR, cambodia & laos independence separately
Vietnam divide: Ho(commies): N vietnam, Ngo Dinh: soviet help,, Diem(noncommies): S Vietnam: us help
S V liked N V cuz corruption, national heor, and foreign rule
Saw fight as nationalist struggle to free V from foreign dom
SV capital : Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh city 1976 for late leader
N V capital : hanoi: capital for reunited nation
mujahedin | Muslim religious warriors |
Mikhail gorbachev | Energetic new leader of soviet union |
glasnost | openness |
perestroika | Restructuring of gov and economy |
Lech walesa | Led economic hardships igniting by shipyard workers who organized solidarity |
solidarity | Independent labor union |
Vaclav havel | Dissident writer and human rights activist elected president for czechoslovakia |
Nicolae ceausescu | Romania’s longtime dictator refused to step down and was overthrown and executed |
Under stalin successor: Nikita Krushchev, soviet enjoy more free speech
economy problems
Collectivized agriculture unproduciteve – tsarist grain exporter had to import grain to feed people
Soviet command economy not match to western market in producing consumer goods
Central economic planning– inefficiency & waste
Cracking under the burden of military commitments: missiles from us cuz command economy strain
Soviet have their own ‘vietnam’ in afghanistan: try to modernize nation, Battling mujahedin
Gorbachev tries reform: sign arms control treaties w/ us, pull soviet out of afghan
In soviet, call for glasnost(openness): end censorship and encourage talking about country problems openly
Urge perestroika(restructure) of gov and economy
Allow farmers to sell on free market
Empire crumble: economic turmoil, denounce reforms, critics want radical changes, political unrest
E EU from poland-bulgaria break out of soviet orbit 1989
Baltic states-estonia, latvia, lithuania-which sovie tseized 1940 got independence 1991
End 1991, soviet repub separated to form 12 independent nations(3 baltic sates)
Largest: RUS, most pop & territory of former soviet
2nd large: kazakhstan & ukraine
Demands for freedom increase: resent RUS dom
Hungary quietly reforms w modestly → later freedom
Poland solidarity: outlaw union, arrest leaders(walesa), walesa released
E Ger change demand: aware, want more political freedom, market coneomy
Commies gov fall
China: Deng Xiaoping’s 1980 econ reforms, generate amazing econ boom 1990s
China economic boom
Vietnam have diplomatic relation with US and start tourism and coffee industries
North Korea stays isolated in totalitarian communist government
Cuba economy deteriorates without soviet, and us sanctions
Circumstances that got US involved into the vietnam war
Vietnam divided into halves, Ho Chi Minh was communist and US wanted to prevent spread of communism
South vietnamese commandos attacked North, the US & USSR(N V) attacked through boat
Was mistaken of 2nd attack→ president johnson continued with retaliation plan
Which of the following statements do you most agree with and why? (please list 2 reasons for the issue you feel is most important)
| I agree with the third statement the most. In a Democracy, citizens must sometimes protest to win government reforms. This is because there are always reasons for previous reforms and laws, and in order to change those respected laws, the citizens should have concrete reasons with adequate numbers of supporters to change the ways. Additionally, there may be underdogs in the government that do not have a party strong enough to support their causes. | ||||||||||
Death Penalty; please list the types of crimes you feel would merit the death penalty and how you would go about administering the death penalty, or, provide an alternative to the death penalty if you do not believe in capital punishment. What would your punishment be for dylann roof(the guy who shot and killed 9 people in a church in South Carolina) | I feel like crimes such as rape, and serial murder where one permanently harms another would merit the death penalty. My punishment for Dylann Roof would be to live in solitary confinement for life. | ||||||||||
1 - What did Napoleon III do in Mexico that made America upset? What were the results of the move? 2 - What was the result of Prussian control of Paris in the area of food consumption for Parisians? |
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Which statements do you agree with and why? (provide 3 reasons in your response) 1) - A stronger country has the right to take over a weaker country. 2) - A strong country should never interfere with weaker countries. 3) - A strong country should use its strength to help weaker countries 4) - A strong country should use its strength to gain the most economic advantages possible from weaker countries. | I agree with 3) where stronger countries help weaker countries. This is so that the countries would have good relations with each other and would be able to go through treaties and adjustments together. However, it should be acknowledged that the weaker country has to be the stronger country’s backup when they are in crisis. | ||||||||||
What view did most Missionaries take/have of Africans? | Most missionaries viewed Africans in a paternalistic view, seeing them nothing more than children who were in need of guidance. Due to this, the missionaries expanded their influence through churches, hospitals, and schools for western influence. However, this had a negative | ||||||||||
Who was David Livingstone and Henry StanleyWhat were King Leopold II stated goals vs his actual motivations? | Livingstone was the adventurist who ventured the insides of Africa for 30 years. Stanleywent went to Africa to find Livingstone and made a novel about his explorations. King Leopold II’s stated goal was to claim the congo basin. However, his real goal was to create trade treaties with the African leaders. He had the mission to ‘carry light for a better era’ when really he wanted profit. | ||||||||||
What is the best (most effective in your opinion) form of resistance...and why?
| I think marching is one of the best forms of resistance. This is because there is not as big of a threat for the marchers themselves as they are not at risk of violence and unemployment. This would also spread awareness of their issue in public. | ||||||||||
What were 2 changes the East India Company instituted in India that caused problems? | The new rifles given to sepoys caused problems as they were instructed to bite off the animal fat off of the top, which went against their beliefs. Another change that caused problems was that they forced even the high class sepoys to travel overseas, which was offensive. | ||||||||||
What was the dispute between GB and China regarding Tea and Opium? | China wanted to ban opium trade from Britain because it made them lose their balance of trade due to the addictions, but Britain wanted to maintain trade because they were benefiting silver and tea. | ||||||||||
What 3 factors led to ‘competition and paranoia’ within european powers | Treaties for peace, status, nationalism | ||||||||||
What were some of the advancements in warfare technologies in WWI | Rapid Fire machine gun, long range artillery, gasoline powered engine | ||||||||||
WHAT WAS THE TRIPLE alliance and what was the triple entente | Entente was with russia, britain and france. Alliance was with germany, austria-hungary, and italy | ||||||||||
What was a flapper, describe characteristics of someone in society that would be classified as a flapper | A Flapper was a symbol of the rebellious youth jazz age women who would go against previous social norms by showing more skin through ‘revealing’ clothing at the time and participating in liberating and freeing dances and acts. | ||||||||||
| 1) The red scare was the scared response to immigrants after world war 1. People were afraid of communism which caused immigrants to be shipped away when suspected. | ||||||||||
| 2) the great stock market crash | ||||||||||
What was Mein Kampf | It was the journal of Hitler who wrote of his Nazi ideologies and talked of anti semitism during his stay in prison after his failed attempt of a coup in Munich. | ||||||||||
What were the 5 appeasement reasons listed that prevented Germany from being stopped or discouraged |
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What was the Miracle at Dunkirk and what effect did it have on British Morale | British troops in France were able to escape through merchant boats, ship brothels, to carry soldiers to safety. This increased the morale of britains. | ||||||||||
What was the lend-lease act? How did this contradict neutrality act(1936-9) | The neutrality act stated that the countries would not get involved and take sides. The lend lease act was the lending of war materials to countries ‘deemed’ to receive help but this ended up favoring the allies which went against the neutrality act. | ||||||||||
What was “rosie the riveter” | She was the symbol of women labor during world war 2. |
