→ Individualism: emphasis upon the individual’s uniqueness, genius, abilities, potential, and accomplishments, along with showcasing the talents of the individual

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Renaissance begins in Italy:

→ most advanced society

→development of secular education

→ Black death served as a catalyst

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Marindola:

→ writes book on the potential of man: “Oration on the dignity of man”

==Renaissance ideas spread widely and quickly because of the printing press==

→ ideas began to challenge the power of universities and more

As a result, education goes under changes and becomes more important

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In order for an individual to reach their full potential they must be educated, specifically in ==liberal studies==

→ liberal studies/arts: rhetoric, grammar, logic, history, and moral philosophy

→ studying these arts would lead the individual to think virtuously and be able to express these virtuous ideas

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Civic Humanism: all the work and studies an individual did in order to think virtuously should be applied to the politics and economics of the state

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Castiglione:

→ wrote a book known as the ==Courtier==

served as a guide for how an educated young man should behave in courtly society
argued that an educated man should be educated in all humanistic disciplines, and write and speak with eloquence

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Bruni:

→ wrote new cicero

argued that the intellectual man was required to apply his education in the service of the state

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Machiavelli:

→ wrote ==The Prince==

argued that a rulers goal was to preserve power at all costs
ruler must ensure order and stability
argued / believed that humans were selfish
- if ruler had to be harsh, so be it
- if ruler had to be kind, so be It

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Medici family:

→ wealthy and using money to excersie power over common folk

Italy is divided during this time period and trying to progress as best as they can

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==Northern Renaissance:==

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Renaissance ideas spread because of the printing press

→ Renaissance thinkers in northern Europe retained a more religious framework/basis for their thought

→ Northern Renaissance art was still naturalistic but human centered

considered ordinary objects and people as subjects for art

==Northern Renaissance artists depicted religious scenes like Italian artists but also applied an emphasis upon the ordinary people in their depictions.==

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Rembrandt:

northern renaissance artist that depicted scenes from ordinary life

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==Christian Humanism:==

Blend of Christianity and Humanism
when Humanism reached the low countries, France Germany, and England, people began to synthesize humanistic thought with Christian traditions
- world seek out classical text along with early Christian writings
- discovered a Christianity that was simpler and more pure than the complexity of their own days
- seeked to return to simplicity

Christian humanism taught that human beings were more capable than previously believed

==Christian humanism led to an urge for reform in Northern Europe==

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Erasmus:

ideas more well known because of the printing press
wrote “In Praise of Folly”
- undermined political institutions and social institutions
- criticized corrupt aspects of religious hierarchy
- believed that education in the classics and the bible was a step in lasting societal reform

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==Printing press:==

→ created by Johannes Gutenberg

prior to the printing press books were copied down by ahdn
- made them extremely expensive
- only elite had access to ideas within books
Growth in literacy because of the printing press
- demand in books also increased
ideas were able to spread faster and wider
without printing press, Renaissance ideas probably wouldn’t have spread as quickly to the rest of Europe
people can now discuss ideas within the books because of the development of identical copies of books
Demand for Vernacular literature
- vernacular=language of the people
- ancient books were typically in latin or other ancient languages , now with the printing press , there is a demand for ancient text in English, german, french, Italian, etc.
- Vernacular literature allowed people to gain a sense of who they were and how they were from other people

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==Reniassance art:==

→ artists during the Middle ages portrayed religious themes

→ ==Reniassance artitist did religious themes with personal, political, and classical themes as well==

Renassance artists emphasised Naturalism

Naturalism: style that portrayed the world as is

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Geometric Perspective :