Major Trends in WHAP

Major Trends In WHAP

Created by Matt Williams, teacher at Dublin Jerome HS, Dublin, OH williams_matt@dublinschools.net

Unit 1- Global Tapestry 1200-1450

• Spread of Major Religions (CDI)

  • Buddhism (SE & E Asia) was appealing to lower classes

  • Islam (N India, SE Asia the Swahili Coast) was spread through merchants, diasporic communities.

  • Confucianism (Korea & Japan)

  • Spread mainly due to merchants, missionaries and war

• Large Empires Rise With Expansion of Trade Networks (GOV & ECN)

  • Mali and the Trans Saharan Trade Route

  • Incas and the Royal Road system

  • Song Empire and the Silk Road, Grand Canal

• New Technology Drastically Changed Way of Life (TEC & ECN)

  • Paper (Flying money---> encouraged trade)

  • Champa Rice (population)

• Rigid Social Structures Existed Throughout (SIO)

  • Hindu caste system in India

  • Feudalism in Europe

  • Social structures in Americas & Africa

• Dar al Islam (Abbasid Caliphate) Was Broken Up (GOV)

  • The Delhi Sultanate in South Asia

  • Seljuk Turks in Central Asia

  • The Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

• Religion Was Used For Statebuilding and Centralization (GOV)

  • Aztecs and sacrifice

  • Islam widespread use of Arabic, unified all Muslims

  • Confucianism and civil service exams

  • Hindu leaders and the caste system

  • The hierarchy of Christianity (pope, cardinal, bishop)

• Geography Posed Limits To Trade and Expansion (ENV)

  • Incas with Andes Mountains and Amazon Rainforest

  • Sahara Desert splitting North Africa with Sub Saharan Africa

*The trends above brought the natural decline and importance of smaller states, local religions & nomads.

Unit 2- Networks of Exchange 1200-1450

• Major Trade Routes Thrive (ECN)

  • Silk Road (policed, caravanserai, paper money, Mongols)

  • Indian Ocean (lateen sails, magnetic compass, astrolabe, sternpost rudder & diasporic communities)

  • Trans Sahaan Trade Route (gold, salt, saddles, muslim dominated)

• Trade Brought a Growth of Major Cities (ECN)

  • The chinese city of Chang’an (Silk Road)

  • Calicut in India, (Indian Ocean)

  • Malacca, Srivijaya Kingdom in the Malacca Strait (Indian Ocean)

  • Timbuktu in West Africa (Trans Saharan)

  • Hangzhou in China (Grand Canal)

  • Samarkand and Kashgar were caravanserai on the Silk Road

• Mongols Expand Throughout Asia (GOV)

  • Nomadic life, governance and horseback skills helped with victories

  • Defeat Song in China

  • Defeat Abbasids in Iraq

  • Defeat Russia (or the makings of it)

• Mongols Spread Disease, Migration and Technology (SIO, ENV & TEC)

  • Bubonic Plague

  • Mongols forced skilled people to different places of empire

  • Stirrups (allows bow and arrow while on horseback)

  • Gunpowder (no firearms yet) & siege towers

  • Knowledge of medicine and mathematics

• Afro-Eurasia Experienced a Spread of Science and Technology (TEC)

  • Chinese papermaking

  • Stern Rudder, lateen sail, dhows and magnetic compass

  • Camel Saddles

• Afro-Eurasia Met Environmental Challenges (ENV)

  • Mastering monsoon winds

    • To India in the summer, away from India in the winter

  • Biodiversity

    • Champa rice (Vietnam to China)

    • Bananas (SE Asia to Africa)

• Travelers Shared Experiences & Impacted Society (SIO)

  • Marco Polo (Venice to China during Yuan dynasty)

  • Ibn Battuta (N. Africa to East Asia and everywhere in between)

  • Zheng He (China to various coastlines on the Indian Ocean)

  • Margery Kempe (England to pilgrimage sites in Middle East and Europe)

  • Famous travel accounts inspired reading, travel and trade

Unit 3- Land Based Empires 1450-1700

• Large Empires Expand (GOV)

  • The Ottoman Empire in E. Europe and W. Asia

  • The Safavids in Persia (Iran)

  • The Mughals in Northern India

  • All three Gunpowder Empires rose out of the ashes of the Mongols and Tamerlane and formed in close proximity with trade routes

  • Russia formed and expanded as far as Alaska

  • Ming and Qing dynasties in China expanded west into Central Asia

• Empires Centralized and Legitimized Rule (GOV)

  • Developed efficient tax systems

    • Justices of the Peace (England)

    • Zamindars (Mughals)

    • Tax Farmers (France)

  • Development of loyal military

    • Devshirme and the Janissaries (Ottoman)

    • Oprichnina (Russia)

    • Ghulams (Safavids)

  • Art and Architecture

    • Taj Mahal (Mughals)

    • St. Petersburg Palace (Russia)

    • Palace at Versailles (France)

    • Topkapi Palace and miniature art (Ottomans)

• Eurasia Experienced Religious Division and Violence (CDI)

  • Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther

    • Indulgences and Simony (selling church positions)

    • Salvation by faith alone

  • Counter Reformation

    • Council of Trent (church makes needed changes)

    • Formation of Jesuits (recruit new members)

    • The Inquisition (intimidation and fear)

  • Orthodox vs Holy Roman Empire

  • Safavids vs Ottomans (Shi’a vs Sunni)

    • Shi’a- successor to Mohammed must be in bloodline

    • Sunni- successor to Mohammed based on merit and election

• Empires Practiced Tolerance and Intolerance (GOV & CDI)

  • Tolerance

    • Akbar of the Mughals

    • Ottoman Empire with people of the book and the jizya tax

  • Intolerance

    • Aranzeb of the Mughals

    • Safavids championed Shi’a

    • Inquisition of the Catholic Church

    • Manchu treatment of Han Chinese

Unit 4- Transoceanic Interconnections 1450-1750

• Technology and Knowledge Made Its Way To Europe (TEC)

  • Technology and knowledge came from the Muslim World and Asia

    • Mongols

    • Moors in Spain (Al-Andalus)

  • New Star charts, cartography and wind patterns are developed in Europe

  • Astrolabe, compass, stern rudder & lateen sails came from the East

  • Europe made faster and more maneuverable ships

    • Carrick, Fluyt and the Caravel

  • The Renaissance fostered humanism and thinking which led to more development

• Development and Expansion of Maritime Empires (Europe) (GOV)

  • Muslims had land trade “locked down” so Europe took to the sea

  • The Portuguese led the way in the 15th century

    • Henry the Navigator

    • Diaz traveled to the Cape of Good Hope

    • De Gama traveled to India

    • Portugal built outposts on African coast and around Indian Ocean Network

  • The Dutch followed Portugal & established outposts in the Indian Ocean

  • Spanish, French and the English were forced to find an alternative route

    • Spain sponsored Christopher Columbus and stumbled upon the “West Indies” and the Americas

    • English, French and Dutch looked for Northwest Passage

• Eastern and Western Hemispheres Connect and Trade (ECN)

  • The Columbian Exchange

    • Plants, animals and diseases are exchanged

    • Americas: potatoes, corn, chocolate, tobacco and many vegetables

    • AfroEurasia: horses, cows, coffee, sugar, smallpox and many fruits

  • The Triangular Trade

    • Manufactured goods and alcohol are traded for slaves in W. Africa

    • Slaves mainly arrive in Brazil and Carribean for chattel slavery

    • Raw materials (sugar, tobacco, cotton) were shipped to Europe

• The First Global Economy Had Major Impacts (ECN, SIO & CDI)

  • Mercantilism was main economic system practised

    • Belief in fixed amount of wealth (bullion)

    • Goal was to get the “biggest piece of the pie”

    • Exports > imports

  • Transnational companies are developed

    • The East India Co. & the VOC

    • Stock companies provide opportunity with limited risk

  • Impacts in Asia

    • Paper currency replaced and all taxes must be paid in silver (China)

    • China and Japan severely limit outside interaction and isolate

    • Europe takes over the Indian Ocean Trade

  • Impacts in West Africa

    • Slave Trade assist in the rise of the Ashanti and Congo Kingdoms

    • An imbalance in population occurs because working class is subject to chattel slavery while older generations are not (hurts economy)

    • Gender roles change as many males are captured and sold

  • Impacts in the Americas

    • Up to 90% of the native population is wiped out by diseases

    • Aztec and Incan empires destroyed by smallpox

    • Loss of natural resources, especially silver!

    • The Casta System creates a racial social hierarchy

      • Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos etc.

    • The Encomienda System provided unlimited labor

    • The Hacienda system developed as major private enterprises

    • Syncretic Religions form w/ Voodoo (Haiti) and Santeria (Cuba)

• States Experienced Internal and External Challenges To Power (GOV)

  • External

    • Dutch and English pushed Portugal out of S. Asia

    • Ana Nzinga of Ndongo allied with Dutch vs Portugal

  • Internal

    • The Cossacks revolted in Russia with the Pugachev Rebellion

    • The Glorious Revolution in England (throne=protestant)

    • British Empire dealt with Maroon and Metacom’s War

    • The Marathas Empire was created when they fought Mughals

Unit 5- Revolutions 1750-1900

• Enlightenment Develop and Spread (GOV, CDI & SIO)

  • Comes after Protestant Reformation, Sci. Rev (questioning tradition)

  • Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire

  • Reason & logic applied to gov= individual rights & limiting gov.

    • Went from what can you do for the king….

    • To what can the king do to protect you

  • The Enlightenment leads to the Age of “Isms” with socialism, feminism, liberalism, nationalism, capitalism etc.

  • Enlightenment leads to Atlantic Revolutions

    • American Revolution

    • French Revolution

    • Haitian Revolution

    • Latin American Revolutions (Mexico, South America, Brazil)

  • The Enlightenment led to important historical documents that guided the Atlantic Revolutions

    • Declaration of Independence

    • Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (DOROMAC)

    • Letter from Jamaica (Bolivar))

    • All examples of getting rid foreign rule who did not have the best interest at hand.

• Rise of Nationalism (GOV & CDI)

  • Why is it on the rise?

    • Printing press, people are united by common language

    • Decline in religion, other cultural items (language) play more prominent in identity

    • Political upheaval (people no longer unified by their kings)

• Industrial Revolution Begins and Impacts The World (ENV & GOV)

  • Reasons why it began in Britain

    • Geography, access to rivers and canals

    • Natural resources like coal, iron ore and timber

    • Government policies helped facilitate the IR

      • Mercantilism (engaged in trade)

      • Private property & capitalist markets (motive to innovate)

  • The IR spread quickly to Europe than other places

    • Quickly developed in Belgium and Germany, used British model

    • Developed slower in France because of political turmoil

    • Developed slower in Russian because it was agrarian based

    • The United States brought the IR to Japan (Com. Perry)

    • Did not take hold in China (closed door, Boxer Rebellion and elites did not support it)

  • Manufacturing decreased in Asia and Africa in response to the IR

    • Shipbuilding and Iron decreased in India

    • Textiles in Egypt and India

    • Britain’s relationship with both was a major cause

• The Industrial Revolution Depended On New Technologies (TEC)

  • 1st IR (1760-1840)- Coal, iron, rivers, steam engine and coaling stations

  • 2nd IR (1870-1914)- Steel, oil, electricity, radio and telephone

• Governments Used a Variety of Strategies To Facilitate The IR (GOV)

  • Indirect Control (still lots of government influence)

    • Business friendly policies like patents, subsidies and free market

    • Europe, US (The West)

  • Direct Control

    • Russia with Tsar struggled to keep up with the West

    • Ottoman Empire attempted to industrialize with little success (Elites did not support it)

    • Japan rapidly industrialized (Meiji Restoration)

• The Industrial Revolution Impacted Society (SIO)

  • Urban living

    • Growth of cities

    • Cramped, dirty tenement buildings

    • Increase in crime and disease

  • Changes in labor

    • Lower class women and children working under bad conditions

    • Rise of the middle class

    • White collar vs blue collar workers

  • Transportation technologies

    • Trains, Steamships

    • Increased long distance trade and migration

• The Industrial Revolution Impacted the Economy (ECN)

  • Capitalism replaced Mercantilism

    • Formation of monopolies, insurance, mass production

    • Utilitarianism and the “greater good” (John Stuart Mill)

  • Communism, Karl Marx and Fredreich Engles, Inspire labor unions and bring about reforms for the poor

  • Transnational businesses further develop

    • Need for stock market increases

    • European desire for markets and resources

Unit 6- Imperialism 1750-1900

• Motives & Rationales Formed to Imperialize (GOV, CDI & ECN)

  • Nationalist Motives

    • Countries looked to assert their identity in global arena

    • Britain in South Asia, France in W. Africa, Japan in E. Asia

  • Religious Motives

    • Christian missionaries looked to civilize (Livingtone)

    • Many natives gave up ancestor veneration in reaction

    • Although religion paved the way for further Imperialism, there was benefits like access to medicines, education and ending slave trade

  • Economical Motives

    • Companies like the VOC and EIC looked to maximize profits

    • Treaties signed to establish trading posts and commercial tights

    • Desire for raw materials

      • Latin America (Rubber in Brazil, Copper in Chile, Banana Republics, etc.)

      • Africa (Cotton in Egypt, Cocoa in Gold Coast, Palm Oil in West Africa)

    • New markets to sell finished goods (proto-industrialization)

    • Take advantage of coerced labor (slave & corvee)

  • Racial Rationales and Misuse of Science

    • Phrenology (size of skulls)

    • Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest)

  • Cultural Rationales

    • White Man’s Burden (Kipling)

• The Process of “New Imperialism” Begins (GOV)

  • States strengthened their control or assumed direct control over colonies where non-state entities existed

    • King Leopold of Belgium and the Congo

    • British India, company rule was replaced by ”The Raj”

  • States used both warfare and diplomacy to expand

    • Warfare in Gambia and Lagos to establish British West Africa

    • Treaties were used in Nigeria further develop British West Africa

    • The Berlin Coner

  • Europeans established settler colonies

    • Old trading posts became settler colonies

    • Widespread settler colonies threatened European peace so European leaders met at the Berlin Conference

    • French established a settler colony in Algeria

    • The British had settler colonies in Australia and New Zealand

  • The United States, Russia and Japan all expanded by conquering and settling neighboring states

    • Manifest Destiny and Westward expansion (Trail of Tears)

    • Russia in Eastern Europe and as far as Alaska

    • Japan

• Indigenous Peoples Resisted State Expansion (GOV)

  • Africa

    • The Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa (vs British)

    • The Zulu Kingdom in Southern Africa (vs British)

    • Samory Toure fought the French in West Africa (Guinea)

    • The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement vs British in South Africa

  • America

    • Tupac Amaru II (Peru) vs Spanish

    • Mexico vs French Expansion (Cinco de Mayo)

  • New Zealand and the Maori Wars

  • South and SE Asia

    • The Sepoy Rebellion vs the British East India Company (EIC)

    • The Philippines vs Spain & US

    • Vietnam resisted French expansion

• The Global Economy Further Develops (MAP) (ECN)

  • Technology assists with amount and frequency of trade

    • Railroads, steamships, telegraph

  • Cash crop development was prominent

    • Guano in Peru and Chile

    • Beef in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay

    • Lamb and mutton in New Zealand

    • Monocultures were a result

  • Export economies were established

    • British cotton transitioned from India to Southern U.S.

    • Rubber was transplanted from Amazon to SE Asia

    • Palm oil was transplanted from W. Africa to SE Asia

    • Copper in Chile

• Economic Imperialism Brought Widespread Change (GOV & ECN)

  • China’s power and influence was greatly diminished

    • Opium Wars and the Treaty on Nanking

      • Hong Kong

      • Extraterritoriality

      • Spheres of Influence

    • Taiping and Boxer Rebellion

    • Open Door Policy (John Hay)

  • The United States gained economic and political control of Latin America

    • The United Fruit Company and Banana Republics

    • Corporate investments in Mexico and Cuba

    • The Panama Canal

    • The Monroe Doctrine

  • Africa and Asia’s economic power was further compromised

    • Food production declined as both focused on cash crops

    • Europeans settled and took the better land

    • Europe established one sided trade deals (cheap finished goods for valued raw materials)

• Long Distance Migration (MAP) (CDI & SIO)

  • Migrations through Labor Systems

    • Slavery is mostly abolished by mid 1800s

    • Abolition of slavery forced migration of new labor systems

    • Indentured Servitude

    • Imperial Recruitment

      • Indians were forced by British government to move to other parts of the empire (Ex. sugar plantations in SE Africa)

    • Contract Laborers

      • Ex. Chinese sent to sugar plantations in Cuba

    • Penal Colonies

      • Prisoners were sent abroad to perform hard labor

      • British penal colony in Australia

      • French penal colonies in West Africa

  • Labors brought major demographic changes developed around the world

    • Indians -> British colonies in the Caribbean, S. & E Africa, Fiji

    • Chinese -> California and British Malaya to work on RRs and farms

    • Japanese -> Sugar plantations in Hawaii, Peru and Cuba

  • There were a variety of reason for migration

    • India-> Extreme poverty under British rule

    • China > Overpopulation and disorder by Taipeng Rebellion

    • Ireland-> Famine, political dissent against Britain

    • Britain-> Technical engineers left to help build infrastructures

    • Settler colonies = British in Argentina, Japan failed in Mexico

    • Educational opportunities -> Japanese students in the U.S.

    • Gold rush in the U.S., Alaska and Australia

  • Migration had social impacts home and abroad

    • Most migrants were men and women had new responsibilities

    • Discriminatory policies were enacted

      • U.S.-> Chinese Exclusion Act limited immigration

      • Australia -> Immigrant workers were attacked & executed

        • White Australia Policy

    • Abroad, migrants stayed together and formed ethnic enclaves

      • Chinatown in San Francisco

      • Italians in Argentina

      • Indians in South Africa

      • Chinese in Peru