Figures of Speech: Ways to express ideas using words that go beyond their literal meaning
Simile: Comparison between two things using like or as
Allusion: A brief reference to a famous person, place, event, or work of art
Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unlike things (ex: “time is a thief”)
Synechdoche: Using a part of something to represent the whole (ex: “wheels for a car”)
Metonymy: Replacing the name of something with something closely related (ex: “crown for the monarchy”)
Pun: Humorous play on words that exploits multiple meanings or similar sounds
Personification: Giving human characteristics to non-human things
Apostrophe: Addressing an absent person, object, or idea as if it could respond
Overstatement: Exaggerating something to make a point
Hyperbole: An extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or humor
Understatement: Downplaying or minimizing something to make it seem less important
Paradox: A statement that seems self-contradictory but might reveal a truth
Oxymoron: A combination of two opposite words that creates a striking effect (ex: “bittersweet”)
Symbol: An object, person, or color that represents a larger idea or concept
Conventional symbol: A symbol with an agreed-upon meaning in a culture (ex: dove representing peace)
Literary or contextual symbol: A symbol that gains specific meaning within the context of the story or poem
Allegory: A story in which characters and events symbolize deeper moral or political meanings
Didactic poetry: Poetry written with the purpose of teaching a lesson or a moral
Irony: A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens
Situational: When the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what was expected
Verbal: When someone says the opposite of what they really mean, often for humor
Satire: A style that uses humor, exaggeration, or irony to criticize or expose flaws
Dramatic irony: When the audience knows something that the characters do not
Cosmic irony: When fate or the universe seems to toy with human hopes, often leading to an outcome that feels oppressively ironic
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