TRIGLYCERIDES cHLORIDE

🔥 TRIGLYCERIDES

Flashcard 1
Q: What is the main role of triglycerides in the body?
A:

• Provide energy for cells.

• Make up 95% of tissue storage fat.

• Synthesized in the intestine (from dietary fats) and liver (from carbohydrates).

• Transported in blood by chylomicrons and VLDL.

Flashcard 2
Q: What clinical conditions are associated with high serum triglycerides?
A:

• Atherosclerosis (important risk factor)

• Lipid metabolism disorders (hyperlipoproteinemia)

• Lipase activity deficiency

• Apolipoprotein-CII deficiency

• Diabetes, renal disease, endocrine disorders

Flashcard 3
Q: What is the principle behind the Elitech method for triglycerides?
A:

• Enzymatic-colorimetric, end-point method.

• Triglycerides are enzymatically broken down and measured through a colorimetric reaction proportional to triglyceride concentration.

Flashcard 4
Q: What are the key reagents used in the triglyceride Elitech method?
A:

• Pipes buffer (pH 7.0)

• ATP, ADPS, 4-AAP (amino-4-antipyrine)

• Magnesium salt

• Enzymes: Lipoprotein lipase, Glycerol kinase, Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, Peroxidase

• Standard: Glycerol (200 mg/dL equivalent)

Flashcard 5
Q: What are important precautions when handling triglyceride reagents?
A:

• Sodium azide is present (reacts dangerously with lead/copper plumbing).

• Flush with lots of water during disposal.

• Use clean/single-use lab equipment.

• Tighten caps immediately after use.

• Follow Good Laboratory Practices.

Flashcard 6
Q: How should triglyceride samples be collected and stored?
A:

• Serum or lithium heparinized plasma from fasting patients (≥12 hours).

• Avoid hemolyzed or icteric samples.

• Store:

  • 5–7 days at 2–8°C

  • 3 months at –15 to –20°C

  • Several years at –70°C

Flashcard 7
Q: What is the formula for calculating triglyceride concentration?
A:

Triglycerides=AsampleAstandard×standard concentration (n)\text{Triglycerides} = \frac{A_{\text{sample}}}{A_{\text{standard}}} \times \text{standard concentration (n)}Triglycerides=Astandard​Asample​​×standard concentration (n)

Flashcard 8
Q: What are the reference values for serum triglycerides according to NCEP?
A:

• Normal: <150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L)

• Borderline high: 150–199 mg/dL (1.69–2.25 mmol/L)

• High: 200–499 mg/dL (2.26–5.64 mmol/L)

• Very high: ≥500 mg/dL (≥5.65 mmol/L)

Flashcard 9
Q: Name common interferences in triglyceride measurement.
A:

• Bilirubin (conjugated/unconjugated): causes negative bias.

• Hemoglobin: causes positive bias at high levels.

• Ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid: no significant interference within normal ranges.

• N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC), paracetamol metabolites: may falsely lower results.

🌊 CHLORIDE

Flashcard 10
Q: What is the classical principle behind chloride determination?
A:

• Combines chloride with silver or mercury to form undissociated compounds.

• Titrimetric techniques and colorimetric methods are used.

• In Elitech method, chloride reacts with mercuric thiocyanate, forming ferric thiocyanate, a reddish complex.

Flashcard 11
Q: What is the Elitech method for chloride measurement?
A:

• Mercuric thiocyanate colorimetric method, final point.

• Absorbance measured at 500 nm.

• Color intensity of ferric thiocyanate complex is proportional to chloride concentration.

Flashcard 12
Q: What are the reagents in the chloride Elitech method?
A:

• Direct Chloride Color Reagent:

  • Mercuric thiocyanate (1.0 mmol/L)

  • Ferric nitrate (37.5 mmol/L)

  • Mercuric nitrate (0.155 mmol/L) in methanol and water

• Direct Chloride Standard: 100 mEq/L NaCl solution.

Flashcard 13
Q: What precautions are necessary when handling chloride reagents?
A:

• Toxic and caustic: handle carefully.

• In vitro diagnostic use only.

• Store reagents at 15–25°C, protect from light.

Flashcard 14
Q: How should samples for chloride testing be handled?
A:

• Minimize venous stasis during blood collection.

• Separate serum/plasma quickly to avoid chloride diffusion.

• Stable for 1 week at room temp or fridge.

• Urine samples should be diluted 1:2 with deionized water (multiply final result ×3).

Flashcard 15
Q: How is chloride concentration calculated?
A:

Chloride=AsampleAstandard×standard concentration (n)\text{Chloride} = \frac{A_{\text{sample}}}{A_{\text{standard}}} \times \text{standard concentration (n)}Chloride=Astandard​Asample​​×standard concentration (n)

Flashcard 16
Q: What are the expected values for chloride in different body fluids?
A:

• Serum/Plasma: 98–107 mEq/L

• CSF: 118–132 mEq/L

• Urine (24h): 110–250 mEq/24h (varies with diet)

Flashcard 17
Q: What is recommended for quality control in chloride testing?
A:

• Use ELITROL I (normal control) and ELITROL II (abnormal control).

• Check that results fall within expected control ranges.

Flashcard 18
Q: What are limitations of the chloride method?
A:

• Reaction does not follow Beer’s Law.

• Has a linear range from 70–120 mEq/L.

• Calibration curve should be prepared to verify linearity.