Born in Saint Domingue, was a slave who could be thought of as something like an American counterpart to Toussaint Louverture.
Slaves attacked Andry, wounding him and seizing any weapons that could be found.
On January 10th, a detachment of troops under General Wade Hampton encountered the revolutionaries at Fortier Plantation.
At 4:00 a.m. Saturday, January 12, 1811, in the swamps behind the Picou and Trouard Plantations, Charles was captured and brutally killed.
The Louisiana slave revolt would prove to be the most death-riddled uprising of the engagements, which would have an estimated tally of 100 deaths.
Deslondes was executed on 15 January. His body was mutilated, dismembered, and put on public display as a warning against other attempts at slave uprising.

Gabriel’s Conspiracy (1/24/25)

Gabriel Prosser

Attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia.
Gabriel’s conspiracy failed

~ He was informed upon.

Outcomes of the conspiracy

Antislavery groups were done away with in the upper South.
Southerners believed a race riot was imminent.

~ Instigated by Free Blacks, not slaves.

~ Slaves were considered to be docile.

Free blacks were thought to be dangerous and revolutionary.

~ The Southern attitude toward Blacks became more negative.

Denmark Vesey’s Revolt

Denmark Vesey was a freeman, literate, and a minister.
A co-conspirator was Gullah Jack.

~ He was a “conjure man” from West Africa who practiced voodoo.

The plan failed because Vesey was informed of it.

Outcomes

AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church was burned down
There was a ban on educating slaves.
Fear of Northerners or outsiders increased.

The Antebellum Period (1/27/25)

The Antebellum Period in American History is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812.
It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery.

~ The country’s economy began shifting in the north to manufacturing

In the south, a cotton boom made plantations the center of the economy.

Manifest destiny is the idea that Americans and the institutions of the U.S. are morally superior and Americans are morally obligated to spread their institutions.
In the South, cotton plantations were very profitable.
Plantation Owners were able to obtain large tracts of land for little money, particularly after the Indian Removal Act.
The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up the prices of slaves
The large plantation owner’s wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power.

Early Industrialization

The early industrialization revolution began with the textile industry in New England, which Samuel Slater revolutionized.
Slater opened the first fully mechanized mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His system of independent mills and mill towns spread through the Black Stone Valley into Massachusetts.
A population shift from farms to cities had already begun, but the promise of better income in factory jobs accelerated that movement.

The Second Awakening

The second awakening was a religious revival that affected the entire country from about 1790 to the 1840s.
The basic theology popularized by the movement stated that individuals had a direct relationship with God.
The Quakers, who believed that all people were equal in the eyes of God, had been speaking out against slavery since the 1600s, forming the first abolitionist group in the 1790s.

Pre-Civil War Rebellions

Many Passive forms of resistance
Open rebellions
Slaves in the U.S. resisted their bondage through many passive forms of resistance.

Colonization (1/28/25)

The American Colonization Society was an anti-slavery group in the early 19th Century.

~ They established Liberia in West Africa as a colony to return slaves.

Slaveowners would be compensated for their slaves.
Free Blacks would also be sent to Liberia.
Abolitionist - a person who wants to end slavery.

Approximately 10 years before the ACS, Paul Cuffe advocated for Africans/slaves to return to Africa.

~ He believed that Blacks would never be accepted in America and Africa was the best place for them.

~ Most Blacks in the U.S. at that time thought Africa was barbaric.

Paul Cuffe, with his ship, took some Blacks to Sierra Leone.

~ Blacks who went to Liberia with a different group did not adjust well. (Conflict with groups there)

In the U.S., there were Blacks who were against colonization.

Blacks were against colonization and saw the U.S. as their home.

In some states, free Blacks had to leave or be reenslaved.

~ Some Blacks thought that the ACS was a pro-slavery group.

William Lloyd Garrison (1/30/25)

He was one of the most famous anti-slavery figures of the early to mid-19th century.
Anti-slavery - against slavery
Garrison wanted immediate emancipation without a return to Africa.

~ He also wanted justice and equality for Blacks.

David Walker

Though never enslaved, Walker certainly witnessed the horrors of slavery and experienced racism in his hometown, as well as in his later travels throughout the country.
Walker realized the power of the written word to create change.

~ This realization likely inspired him to write his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.

In His Appeal, Walker offered a scathing critique of American slavery and the racism that undergirded it.

~ In one of the more controversial passages of his work, he urged militant resistance if all else had failed.

Walker hoped to inspire people to action. His Appeal caused huge controversy and fear when copies began to appear in the South, carried there by sailors.

Walker died shortly after the publication of his Appeal, leading some to speculate that he may have been killed. However, official records noted his cause of death as consumption, which also took the life of his daughter around the same time. (2/3/25)

Nat Turner

Nathanial “Nat” Turner (1800-1831) was an enslaved man who led a rebellion of enslaved people on August 21, 1831.
Turner was born on the Virginia plantation of Benjamin Turner, who allowed him to be instructed in reading, writing, and religion.
- He was a skilled slave and was able to leave his plantation and be hired by other Slave owners
Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner was convinced by an eclipse of the sun (1831) that the time to rise had come.
On August 21, 1831, he and six others killed the Travis family, managed to secure arms and horses, and enlisted about 75 other enslaved people in a large but disorganized insurrection that resulted in the murder of an estimated 55 white people.
- The incident put fear in the hearts of Southerners, resulted in even harsher laws against enslaved people, and deepened the schism between slave-holders and free-soilers (an anti-slavery political party whose slogan was ‘free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men’)