Animal Kingdon

 Sponges lack true tissues

Cnidarians are diploblastic with radial symmetry. They use tentacles with cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts that contain a stinging thread.

Flatworms (platyhelminth) (spiralia) are triploblastic with bilateral symmetry. Gas exchange takes place across their skin. Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates

Segmented Worms Annelids, Coelomates with segmented body wall and internal

organs

Nematodes Ecdysozoans, pseudocoelomates

Arthropods Ecdysozoans, body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. 

Hexapoda= insects→wings are extensions of the cuticle. Incomplete metamorphosis is when young are smaller versions of adults. Complete metamorphosis is when young occupy different niches than adults. 

Echinoderms (sea stars), deuterostomes and coelomates

b. Vertebrates are chordates with a backbone

Chordates have a notochord, post-anal tail and a hollow dorsal nerve cord at some point in their lives. Pharyngeal slits develop into parts of the ear, head and neck. 

Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws and four sets of HOX genes. Jaws increase the amount of food sources available. 

Fishes can be ray finned and lobe finned (muscular pelvic and pectoral fins.) 

Tetrapods are gnathostomes with limbs. They have a fused pelvic girdle and necks. Tiktaalik has fish and tetrapod characteristics. 

Amphibians have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Amniotes are tetrapods with a terrestrial adapted egg

Reptiles most reptiles are ectothermic (absorb outside heat).

Birds are endothermic, and produce heat through metabolism. Therefore they must eat more than ectotherms. 

Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk in mammary glands. The bones make up the middle ear, and one dentary bone makes up the bottom jaw. More involved in raising offspring. Humans are a type of mammal called a Eutherian, as we spend most of our development in the uterus. 

Primates have a large brain and short jaws. Forward looking eyes that allow for depth perception. 

Humans are bipedal primates that share a common ancestor with apes.