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KEY TERMS BY THEME

GOVERNMENT: Rebel Leaders

• Tupac Amaru II: Leader of an indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in Peru.

• José Rizal: Filipino nationalist and revolutionary leader who played a crucial role in the fight against Spanish colonial oppression.

• Usman dan Fodio: Islamic revivalist who led a jihad in the northern areas of modern Nigeria, establishing the Sokoto Caliphate.

• Samory Touré: West African leader who resisted French colonial forces while trying to unify the Mandinka people.

• Muhammad Ahmad: Declared the Mahdi in Sudan; led a revolt against British-Egyptian rule.

• Yaa Asantewaa: Queen mother of the Ashanti Empire who led the Ashanti revolt against British rule.

GOVERNMENT: States

• Balkan Peninsula: Region in southeastern Europe, significant for its diverse ethnic groups and territorial conflicts.

• Vietnam: Country in Southeast Asia; experienced colonial rule from France and conflicts during the Vietnam War.

• Philippines: Archipelago in Southeast Asia that endured centuries of Spanish colonialism followed by American control.

• Sokoto Caliphate: A powerful Islamic state in West Africa formed by Usman dan Fodio.

• Sudan: North African country with a complex history of colonialism, conflict, and cultural developments.

• Asante Empire: West African empire known for its wealth, trade, and military prowess during the colonial period.

GOVERNMENT: Wars and Rebellions

• Ghost Dance: A spiritual movement among Native Americans that embraced resurrection and revitalization, leading to clashes with U.S. forces.

• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Major uprising against British rule in India, also referred to as the Sepoy Mutiny.

• Philippine Revolution: Armed conflict against Spanish rule; led to the declaration of independence from Spain.

• Spanish-American War: Conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898, resulting in the U.S. acquisition of several territories.

• Philippine-American War: Armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902.

• Maori Wars: A series of conflicts in New Zealand between Māori chiefs and British colonial forces.

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement: A prophetic movement among the Xhosa people leading to mass cattle destruction as a perceived path to liberation.

• Anglo-Zulu War: A conflict between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom in 1879.

GOVERNMENT: Treaties

• Treaty of Paris: Various treaties ending conflicts, most notably the one in 1763 which ended the Seven Years' War.

• Treaty of Waitangi: Agreement signed in 1840 establishing British governance in New Zealand, foundational to its political history.

GOVERNMENT: Relations with Indigenous Peoples

• Proclamation of 1763: Issued by the British Crown to establish boundaries for colonial expansion in North America after the French and Indian War.

• Indian Removal Act: U.S. law passed in 1830 that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands.

GOVERNMENT: Organizations

• Indian National Congress: Political party in India formed to advocate for greater Indian participation in governance and eventual independence from British rule.

CULTURE: Peoples

• Cherokee Nation: Native American tribe in southeastern U.S., known for its complex society and struggles against removal.

• Aboriginal: Indigenous peoples of Australia with rich cultural traditions and histories.

• Maori: Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand, known for their unique culture and language.

• Xhosa: One of the largest ethnic groups in South Africa, known for their rich oral traditions and history.

• Zulu: Ethnic group in South Africa known for their military history and cultural heritage.

CULTURE: Ideas

• Mahdi: A messianic figure in Islamic eschatology, particularly significant in the context of the Sudanese Mahdist movement.

• Pan-Africanism: A movement aimed at unifying African nations and people globally, advocating for solidarity among indigenous and diasporic Africans.

SOCIETY: British in India

• Sepoys: Indian soldiers who served in British military forces, notably brave participants in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

• Raj: The period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947, characterized by significant social and economic changes.

Definitions of Key Terms

• Tupac Amaru II: A leader who spearheaded an indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonial authority in Peru during the late 18th century, Tupac Amaru II aimed to tackle the injustices faced by native populations. His uprising sought to renegotiate the colonial relationship and empower indigenous self-governance, but it ultimately led to his execution in 1781.

• José Rizal: An influential nationalist and revolutionary figure from the Philippines, José Rizal significantly contributed to the movement for independence from Spanish rule in the late 19th century. He was educated in Europe and utilized his literary talents to advocate for reforms through his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which exposed societal issues and galvanized a sense of nationalism among Filipinos.

• Usman dan Fodio: An Islamic reformer, Usman dan Fodio led a jihad in northern Nigeria in the early 19th century, founding the Sokoto Caliphate. His movement aimed at reclaiming Islam from perceived corruption and instituted a strict interpretation of Islamic law, creating a cohesive state that unified various ethnic groups under Islamic governance.

• Samory Touré: A significant figure in West Africa, Samory Touré resisted French colonial encroachment and aimed to unify the Mandinka people during the late 19th century. He founded a robust empire that thrived on commerce and military strength, leading multiple military engagements against French forces to uphold his people's independence.

• Muhammad Ahmad: In the 19th century, Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself as the Mahdi in Sudan and belligerently opposed the British-Egyptian rule. His movement was deeply rooted in Islamic theology, and he envisioned himself as a liberating force, leading to the establishment of a Mahdist state that briefly flourished before its downfall.

• Yaa Asantewaa: The queen mother of the Ashanti Empire, Yaa Asantewaa was a prominent figure who led a revolt against British colonization in the early 20th century. With her strong leadership and commitment to her culture, she inspired her people to stand against foreign domination, becoming a renowned symbol of resistance and empowerment.

• Balkan Peninsula: Situated in southeastern Europe, the Balkan Peninsula is notable for its intricate mosaic of ethnic groups and ongoing territorial disputes. Historically, it has been central to geopolitical strife, especially during the Balkan Wars and World War I, and boasts a diverse cultural lineage shaped by numerous civilizations.

• Vietnam: A Southeast Asian nation, Vietnam has a multifaceted history marked by extensive colonial rule first under the French and later by the United States during the Vietnam War. The quest for independence and national identity from colonial powers has been instrumental in shaping its political landscape and cultural evolution.

• Philippines: An island nation within Southeast Asia, the Philippines has a history defined by prolonged Spanish colonization and subsequent American rule. The struggle for autonomy has been a central theme of its evolution, leading to a declaration of independence and the establishment of a sovereign state in the 20th century.

• Sokoto Caliphate: Founded by Usman dan Fodio in the early 19th century, the Sokoto Caliphate emerged as a dominant Islamic state in West Africa. This caliphate expanded Islamic beliefs and governance across the region, fostering educational and trade opportunities and leaving a lasting impact on the socio-political dynamics of West Africa.

• Sudan: A North African nation with a layered history shaped by colonialism and tribal diversity, Sudan's cultural landscape is rich with various ethnic identities. It has been marked by major historical events, including the Mahdist revolt, and ongoing challenges related to governance and cultural recognition.

• Asante Empire: Renowned for its wealth, sophisticated governance, and military capability during the colonial era, the Asante Empire, located in present-day Ghana, was a formidable West African state. Its influence extended into regional trade and diplomacy, facing considerable adversity during the period of British colonization.

Tupac Amaru II: A leader who spearheaded an indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonial authority in Peru during the late 18th century, Tupac Amaru II aimed to tackle the injustices faced by native populations by seeking to address the oppression they experienced under colonial rule. His uprising sought to renegotiate the colonial relationship and empower indigenous self-governance, but it ultimately led to his execution in 1781, marking a significant moment in the history of resistance against colonialism in Latin America. José Rizal: An influential nationalist and revolutionary figure from the Philippines, José Rizal significantly contributed to the movement for independence from Spanish rule in the late 19th century through his passionate advocacy for social reform and national identity. He was educated in Europe and utilized his literary talents to advocate for reforms through his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which exposed societal issues and galvanized a sense of nationalism among Filipinos by awakening their collective consciousness regarding their struggles against colonial oppression.

Definitions of Key Terms

• Tupac Amaru II: A leader who spearheaded an indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonial authority in Peru during the late 18th century. Tupac Amaru II aimed to tackle the injustices faced by native populations by seeking to address the oppression they experienced under colonial rule. His uprising sought to renegotiate the colonial relationship and empower indigenous self-governance, but it ultimately led to his execution in 1781, marking a significant moment in the history of resistance against colonialism in Latin America.

• José Rizal: An influential nationalist and revolutionary figure from the Philippines, José Rizal significantly contributed to the movement for independence from Spanish rule in the late 19th century through his passionate advocacy for social reform and national identity. He was educated in Europe and utilized his literary talents through his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, to advocate for reforms that exposed societal issues and galvanized a sense of nationalism among Filipinos, awakening their collective consciousness regarding their struggles against colonial oppression.

• Usman dan Fodio: An Islamic reformer, Usman dan Fodio led a jihad in northern Nigeria in the early 19th century, founding the Sokoto Caliphate. His movement aimed at reclaiming Islam from perceived corruption and instituted a strict interpretation of Islamic law, creating a cohesive state that unified various ethnic groups under Islamic governance. His leadership significantly transformed the political landscape of West Africa and reinforced the socio-political cohesion among Muslim communities in the region.

• Samory Touré: A significant figure in West Africa, Samory Touré resisted French colonial encroachment and aimed to unify the Mandinka people during the late 19th century. He founded a robust empire that thrived on commerce and military strength, leading multiple military engagements against French forces to uphold his people's independence. Touré's legacy is remembered for his fierce resistance against colonization and his pursuit of autonomy for his people.

• Muhammad Ahmad: In the 19th century, Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself as the Mahdi in Sudan and belligerently opposed British-Egyptian rule. His movement was deeply rooted in Islamic theology, and he envisioned himself as a liberating force, leading to the establishment of a Mahdist state that briefly flourished before its downfall. Ahmad's efforts symbolized a larger struggle against colonial domination and the quest for Islamic governance.

• Yaa Asantewaa: The queen mother of the Ashanti Empire, Yaa Asantewaa was a prominent figure who led a revolt against British colonization in the early 20th century. With her strong leadership and commitment to her culture, she inspired her people to stand against foreign domination, becoming a renowned symbol of resistance and empowerment for indigenous peoples against colonial rule.

• Balkan Peninsula: Situated in southeastern Europe, the Balkan Peninsula is notable for its intricate mosaic of ethnic groups and ongoing territorial disputes. Historically, it has been central to geopolitical strife, especially during the Balkan Wars and World War I, and boasts a diverse cultural lineage shaped by numerous civilizations. This region continues to play a significant role in European politics and cultural exchanges.

• Vietnam: A Southeast Asian nation, Vietnam has a multifaceted history marked by extensive colonial rule first under the French and later by the United States during the Vietnam War. The quest for independence and national identity from colonial powers has been instrumental in shaping its political landscape and cultural evolution, culminating in the establishment of a socialist republic post-war. Vietnam's experiences reflect broader struggles against colonialism and the impact of foreign intervention.

• Philippines: An island nation within Southeast Asia, the Philippines has a history defined by prolonged Spanish colonization and subsequent American rule. The struggle for autonomy has been a central theme in its evolution, leading to a declaration of independence and the establishment of a sovereign state in the 20th century. This historical trajectory underscores the Philippines' resilience and the ongoing efforts to navigate its national identity in a globalized world.

• Sokoto Caliphate: Founded by Usman dan Fodio in the early 19th century, the Sokoto Caliphate emerged as a dominant Islamic state in West Africa. This caliphate expanded Islamic beliefs and governance across the region, fostering educational and trade opportunities and leaving a lasting impact on the socio-political dynamics of West Africa. Its influence is still felt today, and it shapes the cultural and religious practices of many communities.

• Sudan: A North African nation with a layered history shaped by colonialism and tribal diversity, Sudan's cultural landscape is rich with various ethnic identities. It has been marked by major historical events, including the Mahdist revolt, and ongoing challenges related to governance and cultural recognition. Sudan's history reflects broader themes of struggle, identity, and resilience in the face of complex social dynamics.

• Asante Empire: Renowned for its wealth, sophisticated governance, and military capability during the colonial era, the Asante Empire, located in present-day Ghana, was a formidable West African state. Its influence extended into regional trade and diplomacy while facing considerable adversity during the period of British colonization. The empire's legacy highlights the importance of local governance and resistance in the historical narrative of West Africa.