Untitled Flashcards Set

McCalley Review Session Periods 1-4

Native Americans Pre-Contact

• Native Americans developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based on their interactions with each other and the environment. 

• Religion is often connected to relationship with nature-> animism  (belief that non-human things possess spiritual essence) and The Great Spirit

• Viewed the land as a spiritual entity (communal)

• Native Americans adapted to their environment and created complex sophisticated societies

• Southwest (Pueblos) -> Lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize. 

• Complex irrigation systems

• Growth of population relied on maize

• Great Basin and Great Plains (Lakota and Sioux) -> lack of natural resources led to more nomadic lifestyles.

• Hunting buffalo/bison on the Great Plains up until the early 1800s.

• Northeast (Iroquois) -> Mix of agricultural and hunter gatherer society. Established permanent villages and interacted with the environment to grow small staple crops. They also created sophisticated government systems such as the Iroquois Confederacy

The Iroquois Confederacy was a good example of what early governments took inspiration from. 

Colonization of the New World (The G’s!!! Glory, Gold, and God)

• Columbian Exchange -> Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between Western hemisphere, Africa, and Europe. 

Spanish Colonization- Creation of New Spain (MAIN GOAL WAS GOD)

(Conversion of Native Americans to Roman Catholicism)

- 1565 -> St. Augustine in Florida

- Encomienda System- Spanish Colonizers would exchange land and utilized native slave labor. 

Peninsulares- People that were from Spain that came to the New World and settled in North America to create plantations for vegetation and gold and silver mines. 

Stratified- Rigid

Spanish Caste System- Creating a social hierarchy and officially stratifying the Spanish colonies. 

Top- Peninsulares (Spanish ancestry)

Close to top- Creoles (Spanish and Black mixture)

Debating the Treatment of Natices

• Valladolid Debates-> Between Las Casas and Sepulbeda. Focus on if natives are barbarians or civilized. 

• Las Casas- Supported Native Americans. Thought were inferior, but didn’t believe that they deserved such horrible treatment

• Sepulveda- Thought that the Spanish had the right to treat Native Americans horribly. 

These arguments spread throughout the decades and years. 

Pueblo Revolt (Popès Rebellion) 1680

• The Pueblo Revolt was the largest and most successful Native American uprising in North American History.

• Eventually, the Spanish regained control of land that they lost during the revolt and led to the easing of demands from the Spanish to the Pueblos. 

• More reforms and movement away from the encomienda system.

Evaluate the extent to which transatlantic voyages in the period from 1491 to 1607 affected the Americas. 

Most slaves are brought into the caribbean-> to the Americas. 

Period 2 (1607-1754)

Jamestown- First permanent English colony in the new World

French-Indian War= end of Period 2 because it was the end of salutary neglect

Spanish Colonization:

Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of coloniation in the Western Hemisphere to convert/exploit the natives. 

• Christopher Colombus

• Columbian Exchange

• Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spanish Conquistadores
  Encomienda system

• Mercantilism

• Spanish Missionaries

• Caste system

• Pueblo revolt

New Spain was located in Mexico and Central America. (Modern Day New Mexico and Arizona)

• Main= rice, gold, sugar, silver

Number 1 goal was to spread Christianity

French and Dutch Colonization:

• French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe

• French Topics

• Samuel de Champlain

• Quebec

• Fur Trading Economy

• Huron Alliance

• Dutch Topics

• Settlement in NY (New Amsterdam… Manhattan)

• Diverse economy

• Beaver Wars

Dutch and the French set up trading posts and was primarily to trade. 

Main trading material was the beaver

British Colonization (Wanted to make modern neo-societies)

Hostile relationship with Native Americans

• ENglish colonies were different from their European rivals

• 1. Large numbers of men and women. 

• 2. Established permanent economic settlements

• 3. Hostile relationship with native people

The goal of the societies was to practice religions freely from government interference (PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS!!!)

British Colonies Regional Differences

The differences between different colonial regions:

New England Colonies: Religion and permanent settlements

Virginia: Trade

New England Colonies:

Puritan religious motives for colonies… religious tolerance???
Pilgrims- Mayflower Compact, John Winthrop “City Upon a Hill”, Mass. Bay Co SELF GOVERNANCE!!!!

MAYFLOWER COMPACT- EARLY FORM OF DEMOCRACY

Close knit homogeneous society

Town Hall meetings- earliest form of a direct democracy seen in the colonies

Puritans Expulsion -> Roger Williams Rhode Island, Anne Hutchinson, Salem Witch Trials, Half-Way Covenant

Predestination

Rhode Island- The first major colony besides Pennsylvania that has religious tolerance. 

Middle colonies- Bread basket colonies 

• Diverse group of settlers

• Quakers

• French Protestants

• Dutch Reformed

• Roman Catholics

• William Penn’s “Holy Experiment” in Pennsylvania (Quakers)- Pacifism 

• Grains such as corn, wheat, and barley are abundant. 

• Pennsylvania made so much whiskey that it became it’s currency

Chesapeake Colonies

•  Economic Motives (Jamestown)

• John Smith discipline

• John Rolfe and the cultivation of tobacco. 

• Labor Force -> white indentured servants to African slaves (Bacon’s Rebellion)
  Maryland -> Catholic refuge (Lord Baltimore) -> Act of Religious Toleration

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) 

• Nathaniel Bacon doesn’t like how the poor are being treated by the rich, and leads a rebellion on the rich in the middle of Jamestown. Because of it, the people in charge of the colony create a new labor system that is entirely based on enslaved Africans. 

• Leads colony away from indentured servitude and to race based slavery

Virginia House of Burgesses- Representative Democracy created to keep the economy running. 

Early form of representative democracy in the colonies

Southern Colonies

• South Carlolina and Georgia

• West Indies (Jamaica, Barbados) - sugar plantations

• Plantation farming

• Slave labor plantation: 

  • Rice 

  • Cash crop 

  • Plantation farming (largest population in south was slaves)

  • English government gave plantation owners more land for each indentured servant they brought into the New World

- System of slavery starts to grow significantly. 

Other Conflicts

• European colonialization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples

• New England Colonies- Pequot War (1636-37)- King Phillips War

• Southern Colonies- Stono Rebellion (1739) - biggest native american rebellion- reinforcement of slave codes

• Barbados Slave Code of 1660- strip away of rights from enslaved people

• Further negation of the rights of enslaved people 

• Slavery existed in every single one of the English colonies

Slavery in the Colonies

• Lack of racial mixing in the English colonies

• Development of rigid racial hierarchy

• African chattel slavery emerged (1619)

• Chattel Slavery- the idea that enslaved people are treated as property. 

• Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority- the British system enslaved black people for life. 

• Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery .

Middle Passage:

- Area in the African Slave trade in the atlantic

• Many enslaved people died from disease and committed suicide during the trip. 

Colonial Society and Culture: 

Religious: Development of religious freedom and diversity

• Rhode Island: Roger Williams est. separation of church and state

• Pennsylvania: William Penn and the Quakers

• Maryland: Haven for Catholics

- First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)- Challenge authority. Created new religious sects like the Baptists and Methodists. Led to divisions between Old LIghts and New Lights. Led to a unified colonial experience for all Americans. 

Enlightenment Ideals

• Enlightenment emphasized rational thinking rather than traditional anf religious revelation. 

• Took root in the colonies (print culture) allowed the ideas of the enlightenment to spread rapidly. 

• John Locke and ideas of natural rights took shape in the colonies. 

• 3 branches, social contract, etc. 

Period 3 (1754-1800)

• Anti- Federalists vs. Democratic Republican

French and Indian War- War about the Ohio River Valley

• Over the fur trade

• Dispute in the Ohio River Valley

• Period of Salutary Neglect

• Navigation Acts -> made law that colonies had to trade only with Britain… the colonists did NOT follow this and smuggled with other nations. 

Salutary Neglect- Allow of British colonies to set up their own systems

French and Indian War ends with the treaty of Paris

• Albany Plan of the Union-> first time colonists banded together (although unsuccessfully)

• Treaty of Paris (1763) -> End of war

• Pontiacs Rebellion (1763)

• Proclamation of 1763- Land west of the Appalachian mountains not open for colonists

Road to Revolution (1763-1775)

• Navigation Acts (1660) and lack of enforcement… salutary neglect

• Proclamation of 1763

• Stamp Act 1765

• Declatory Act 1766- declaration of power over the colonies

• Townshend Acts 1767

• Boston Massacre 1770

• Tea Act and Boston Tea Party 1773

• 1st Continental Congress 1774

• Lexington and Concord 1775

Common Sense by Thomas Paine- based on enlightenment ideas

• Published in 1776

• Provided reasoning for the colonists to declare independence from Britian

• Drew upon enlightened ideals. 

Republican virtue- The idea that citizens in a republic’s whole job is to follow the rules. 

Civic Virtue- give up your rights and obey for the common good

Declaring Independence:

• 2nd Continental Congress-> Olive Branch Peition

• Declaration of Independence, July 4th 1776

• Americans officially fighting for independence 

American Revolution 

Key topics: 

• Battle of Saratoga 1777 (turning point!!)

• The French Alliance

• Advantages and disadvantages for each side

• Treaty of Paris 1783 -> ends the War

• About the ideas and values of the country

British had large military, large economy, and lots of supplies. 

But they didnt know the land. 

Battle of Saratoga led the French to become allies with the Americans

The French gave America a navy. 

Battle of Yorktown- French blockaded the British

Republican Motherhood and the Revolution

• Women played a key role in new republic by training new and young citizens. 

• It justified women’s participation in civic culture. 

• The “public woman” emerged. 

• Mothers have a responsibility to teach their sons about civic duties. 

Articles of Confederation 1781-1789

• Firm League of Friendship between states. 

• Created a weak federal government

• No president, unicameral legislature, no judicial branch

• Successes and failures

• North West Ordanence- Abolished slavery for the first time in the NorthWest territories

Successes: 

• Governed the nation during the war

• Negotiated the Treaty of Paris

• Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785. 

• Passed the Northwest Ordiance

Failures: 

• No power to enforce laws

• No power to levy taxes

• No power to regulate trade

• Required all 13 states to approve changes to the Articles

• The federal government could not tax 

• States did not have to follow federal laws

• States had their own laws. 

Shays Rebellion 1787

• SHows the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

• In response, Americans and politicans called for a stronger federal government

• Leads to Constitutional Convention

• Shayites (shyts)

Constitutional Convention 1787

• Revise the Articles of Confederation… eventually replaces with Constitution 

• Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

• Hamilton vs. Jefferson

• Washington president of convention

Constitutional Convention Compromises

• New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan -> Great Compromise

• New Jersey Plan- One house and the representation should be based on equal representation and not population

• Virginia Plan- Population

• Great Compromise: Bi-cameral system

• Commercial Compromise- tariffs on imports but not exports

• Slavery -> 3 / 5 compromise and Slave Trade Compromise. 

• ⅗ compromise was between northern and southern states. Each slave would count for ⅗ of a person.

•  Slave Trade compromise said that the Slave Trade would end 20 years after the signing of the constitution. 

Ratification Debate

• Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Federalist Papers- support for the constitution

• Trade and economic expansion

• Anti-Federalists- thought that the constitution gave the government too much power. 

• Bill of rights- the first ten amendments of the U.S constitution (Added in 1789 after GW becomes president)

Shaping A New Republic:

George Washington (8 years, 2 terms, unanimous vote)

John Adams-> Vice President

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton -> Presidential Cabinet

Every single thing that GW does sets a precedent that all subsequent presidents follow

Hamilton’s Financial Plan:

• After the American Revolution, the government owed $52 million dollars. 

• Hamilton’s plans included the federal government taking on all the debts each state acquired during the revolution

• Create a National Bank that would deposit funds to creditors

• Create a tariff to foreign goods imported into the nation. (remember commerce compromise)

Creates the first two political parties in political history

Loose vs. Strict Interpretation of Constitution 

• Debate over National Bank 

• Elastic clause (it doesn’t say they can’t so they can)

• Agree to plan -> move capital to DC

Federalists- agreed with Hamilton (Loose interpretation)

Democratic Rebulicans- did NOT!!! (Strict interpretation)

Move the capital from New York to DC in the south

10th Amendment can be used to block anything that the government wants to do that states don’t want them to do. 

McCullough vs. Maryland

George Washington’s Presidency

Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - Whiskey Farmers rebel. George Washington marches 15,000 troops into Pennsylvania and puts it down. 

Jay’s Treaty-> pro British, French upset (and Demo-Reps.) Not a perfect treaty… impressment!

Pinckney’s Treaty-> US and Spain land exchange

Farewell Address-> remain isolated, don’t get involved, no factions.

John Adams Presidency (1796-1800)

XYZ Affair (1797)-> led to Quasi War with France. Attempted bribery of American Officials. 

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)- Limit civil liberties (thematic topic!!)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1799)- States vs. Fed rights! Theory of nullification. States had a right to nullify federal laws that they felt was unconstitutional. 

Period 4:

Seneca Falls Convention

Treaty of Guadalupe- Ends the Mexican American War

Election of 1800

• Jefferson wins. 1st Democratic-Republican to win, Federalists will never have control of presidency again. 

• 1st peaceful transfer of power

• Smaller gov

• More states rights

• Yeoman farmer

• Change in democracy when property qualifications to vote are eliminated by the election of 1828. 

Westward expansion

Democracy and economic change

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

• Midnight appointees by Adams (last minutes Federalists judges to maintain Federalist power in government

• William Marbury is not given his work commission by Secretary of state James Madison……. Leaders to 1st Supreme Court Case

• Results-> establishments of Judicial Review!!! Determine laws unconstitutional!!! Supreme Court 3rd and “equal” branch of federal government

• Expands the power of the federal government. 

Louisiana Purchase:

• Jefferson buys Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and doubles the size of the country. 

• US Neutrality rights violated… continues issues with impressment!

• Impressment- the legal kidnapping of American sailors by the French and the British

• Embargo Act of 1807- cannot trade with any country in the whole world

• Embargo Act leads to a huge economic depression. 

Madison’s presidency (1809)

• Continues struggles with American neutrality and impressment. 

• Non-intercourse Act-> US could trade with all countries EXCEPT France and England

• Macon Bill #2-> US would end trade embargo if countries respected free trade rights. 

• War Hawks, Clay and Calhoun-> urged the US to go to war with England. (end impressment, disrupt Native resistance on frontier, take Canada from ENgland)

• The British were arming Native Americans and pit the NA against American settlers 

War of 1812

• Causes:

• Impressment

• Encouragement from War Hawks

• Desire for land to the west and Canada

• Disputes with Natives that were supported by English 

Effect of War of 1812:

• Growth in American global power… more legitimate after defeating the British (Treaty of Ghent 1814)

• Hartford Convention

• Movement into the Era of Good Feelings 

• Era of Good Feelings- political unity and nationalism

• Federalists create the Hartford Resolutions- threaten to secede and eventually the Federalists die out as a political party. 

Era of Good Feelings

• President James Monroe-> only one legitimate political party (Democratic Republicans)

• Increases nationalism

• Debates on many topics such as sectionalism, role of federal government, states right vs. federal right, American System. 

American System, Henry Clay- CAUSED SECTIONALISM

• Similar to earlier federalist policy

• Included: Protective tariff

• 2nd Bank of the US

• Internal Improvement (roads, canals, etc.)- state based

• Transportation revolution

North agrees with everything because they all benefitted American manufacturing. 

The South hated it. 

Foreign Policy

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• Warned European powers to stay out of western hemisphere.

• Led to expansion of American influence in Latin America and isolation from European Affairs.

• Expanded in 1904 with the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine- made America more isolated and neutral and gave America more power. 

Sectional Tensions because of slavery. 

Missouri Compromise 1820 -> temporarily settled dispute over slaves, 

Maine added as a free state. 

Any territory above the 36/30 line is free, any below is automatically a slave state. 

Market Revolution: Economic Changes

• Coincided with the 1st industrial revolution

• The linsong of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. 

• Marked change from agrarian to capitalistic society. 

• Cotton gin, steel plow, interchangeable parts

Market Revolution: Societal Changes

Role of women-> cult of domesticity

Upper class women enter into cult of domesticity. There was a focus on domestic lives. Women were not permitted to enter into any sphere other than domestic. 

Emergence of the Middle Class

Standard of living increased, but so did the wealth gap. 

Immigration-> 1st wave… RISE OF NATIVISM (IRISH AND GERMAN)

Push/Pull factors:

Irish- Famine pushed them to America

Germany- Revolutions causes them to leave to America

Settling in cities and working in factories

Nativism- the belief that immigrants are inferior to “native” born people. 

Know-Nothing Party- political party that tried to prevent the rights of Irish-Catholic immigrants.

Lowlle system- women created textiles. Lower class. Worked for a male counterpart in their family. 

Age of Jackson

End of Era of Good Feelings -> Back to a two-party system. Emergence of the Democratic Party

1824- Corrupt Bargain (election of John QUincy Adams)

1828- Jackson elected

Use of the Spoils System

Major Topics from Jackson Presidency

• Bank War

• Tariff of Abominations

• Nullification Crisis

• Force Bill

• Overuse of Presidential Power (veto)

Jackson passes the Indian Removal Act. 

Trail of Tears

Destroys bank of the US

July 4th 1832 vetoed bank bill. 

Whigs HATED Andrew Jackson

King Andrew

Changing American Culture

Romanticism-. Artwork that expresses emotion, feelings vs reality . 

The Hudson School -> embraces romanticism in artwork 

Transcendentalism -> self reliance

2nd Great Awakening-> Reform Movements to fix society!!! Focus on religious revival, a return to christian virtues, and leads to the age of reform. 

2nd Great Awakening: 

• Major cause-> Market Revolution…. Belief in the individual

• Rejection of rationalism 

• Try to fix society

• Charles Granderson Finney-> Preaches perfectionism

• Societal Reform

  • Religious reform

  • Temperance

  • Abolition

  • WOmen’s rights

  • Education

  • Prison reform

  • Utopian Communities

2nd Great awakening leads to an age of reform that tries to clean up the social problems of the world

African AMericans in the Early Republic

King Cotton-> economic success in south resulted from slave labor and cotton

• overt/covert resistance

• Underground railroad

• Positive Good argument

• Slave Narratives (Truth and Douglas)

• Gabriel Prosser

• Denmark Vesey

• Nat Turner

• Fear that slaves would rise up and kill white landowners

• Increased Slave codes

Seneca Falls Convention- Held in July of 1848.

• Wrote the declaration of sentiments= argues in favor of women’s rights. Specifically the right to women’s suffrage, the right to own property, and the right to divorce in a marriage.