Cultural integration
Cultural integration - when people from a culture adapt the essence of another culture while at the same time maintaining their own culture
Global village - The World feels like it is getting smaller due to technology
Culture can be defined as a ‘way of life’ including traditions, customs, languages, belief systems, art, architecture, music and food
No culture is static, ideas change and people move a lot
Technology changes all culture
There is a fear that cultural diversity is under threat, being swamped by Western influences
Mass consumer culture - a lifestyle focused on buying of goods and spending of money
TNC - Businesses that operate internationally and tend to use developing countries to make and distribute the products
Include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon & Tesla
The profit from selling the world’s 10 largest companies would exceed the GNP of the worl’d 100 smallest countries
Most TNCs start small before taking over other businesses and expanding overseas
TNCs have developed systems of corporate control and now operate through a combination of ventures, licensing and franchise agreements and subcontracting
The main goal is to generate a profit
They are often able to minimise the amount of tax paid
Decisions made by a TNC are for the good of the business and may not always be in the best interest of the country that they are based in
Individual governments may not be able to see these decisions until after they’ve been made
The process of moving a part of a company’s production process to another country
Especially in developing countries
Reduces the cost of wages and transport costs
There is less environmental regulation in a developing country
When a firm contracts with another company to obtain goods or services from it
However, there is less control over the production process
Some TNCs sell identical ‘authentic’ products in all countries
Glocalisation is adapting the product to suit the local market
We rely more on international products which can affect access to products
The exploitation of workers (low wages, poor conditions)
Outsourcing jobs can lead to job losses in the home country
Local cultures and traditions can be eroded by TNCs and Western ideas
TNC is able to benefit from cheap labour
Product cost is kept to a minimum
Creation of stable jobs
TNCs may invest in infrastructure in the country they’ve set up in
Governments can promote cultural integration
This can be done by:
deregulating economies
supporting immigration
promoting multiculturalism
Benefits include:
diversity
economy (more people = more money)
more growth
Negatives include
monoculture/westernisation
Some countries keep other cultures out
they want to stop the influence of American values and attitudes
They do this in France by imposing quotas and encouraging local content
Vietnam blocks unwholesome content
North Korea uses authoritarian measures to isolate their people from outside cultural influences
Includes many things like encouraging migration and playing content from other countries
Cultural imperialism - the dominance of one culture over all others
Can be seen as the ‘Americanisation’ of everything
Landscapes and streetscapes are starting to look the same
Signs for stores etc. are being seen worldwide and this makes cities look similar
This is a sign of wealth and development
Is also a sign of monoculture
Manhattanisation - new buildings around the world look like those from New York
Architects work globally meaning that the same style of building is seen worldwide
Australia’s suburban architecture also illustrates the impact of cultural integration as each group of immigrants brings their own architectural style and cultural heritage
TNCs have economic dominance and have created global inequities
TNCs are supported by producer services (lawyers, accountants, it support, insurance etc.)
TNCs producer services have become global to support them
The dominant one is the TNCs and the producer services are dependent
Globalisation is clearly seen in financial markets
Most important financial centres - London, Tokyo, New York and Hong Kong
Global city - A city that holds many TNCs
Decisions made in these cities affect the livelihood and well-being of people around the world
Nodes - the core of a business (a global city is a node)
Informal economy - Labour intensive, no tax paid, includes food vendors, shoe shiners etc.
Informal economies are very common in developing countries
Formal economy - Goods produced for export markets
Cultural diversity makes each country different
Corporations spend big on trying to standardise consumer markets
Some countries are fine with this, others fight it
Indigenous cultures not being able to hand down languages is a way most languages die
Gradual language death - speakers of one language come into contact with a higher language
World feels smaller because travel is more accessible
Average cost of domestic travel has dropped 50% in the last 30 years
Travel is both faster and cheaper
Internet has accelerated the rate of shrinking time and space
People can access global markets from anywhere and communicate in real time
Increases the level of inequality all over the world
Global cities have more strength
Developed countries will continue to exert a disproportionate influence on internet-based economic innovators
Cultural integration - when people from a culture adapt the essence of another culture while at the same time maintaining their own culture
Global village - The World feels like it is getting smaller due to technology
Culture can be defined as a ‘way of life’ including traditions, customs, languages, belief systems, art, architecture, music and food
No culture is static, ideas change and people move a lot
Technology changes all culture
There is a fear that cultural diversity is under threat, being swamped by Western influences
Mass consumer culture - a lifestyle focused on buying of goods and spending of money
TNC - Businesses that operate internationally and tend to use developing countries to make and distribute the products
Include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon & Tesla
The profit from selling the world’s 10 largest companies would exceed the GNP of the worl’d 100 smallest countries
Most TNCs start small before taking over other businesses and expanding overseas
TNCs have developed systems of corporate control and now operate through a combination of ventures, licensing and franchise agreements and subcontracting
The main goal is to generate a profit
They are often able to minimise the amount of tax paid
Decisions made by a TNC are for the good of the business and may not always be in the best interest of the country that they are based in
Individual governments may not be able to see these decisions until after they’ve been made
The process of moving a part of a company’s production process to another country
Especially in developing countries
Reduces the cost of wages and transport costs
There is less environmental regulation in a developing country
When a firm contracts with another company to obtain goods or services from it
However, there is less control over the production process
Some TNCs sell identical ‘authentic’ products in all countries
Glocalisation is adapting the product to suit the local market
We rely more on international products which can affect access to products
The exploitation of workers (low wages, poor conditions)
Outsourcing jobs can lead to job losses in the home country
Local cultures and traditions can be eroded by TNCs and Western ideas
TNC is able to benefit from cheap labour
Product cost is kept to a minimum
Creation of stable jobs
TNCs may invest in infrastructure in the country they’ve set up in
Governments can promote cultural integration
This can be done by:
deregulating economies
supporting immigration
promoting multiculturalism
Benefits include:
diversity
economy (more people = more money)
more growth
Negatives include
monoculture/westernisation
Some countries keep other cultures out
they want to stop the influence of American values and attitudes
They do this in France by imposing quotas and encouraging local content
Vietnam blocks unwholesome content
North Korea uses authoritarian measures to isolate their people from outside cultural influences
Includes many things like encouraging migration and playing content from other countries
Cultural imperialism - the dominance of one culture over all others
Can be seen as the ‘Americanisation’ of everything
Landscapes and streetscapes are starting to look the same
Signs for stores etc. are being seen worldwide and this makes cities look similar
This is a sign of wealth and development
Is also a sign of monoculture
Manhattanisation - new buildings around the world look like those from New York
Architects work globally meaning that the same style of building is seen worldwide
Australia’s suburban architecture also illustrates the impact of cultural integration as each group of immigrants brings their own architectural style and cultural heritage
TNCs have economic dominance and have created global inequities
TNCs are supported by producer services (lawyers, accountants, it support, insurance etc.)
TNCs producer services have become global to support them
The dominant one is the TNCs and the producer services are dependent
Globalisation is clearly seen in financial markets
Most important financial centres - London, Tokyo, New York and Hong Kong
Global city - A city that holds many TNCs
Decisions made in these cities affect the livelihood and well-being of people around the world
Nodes - the core of a business (a global city is a node)
Informal economy - Labour intensive, no tax paid, includes food vendors, shoe shiners etc.
Informal economies are very common in developing countries
Formal economy - Goods produced for export markets
Cultural diversity makes each country different
Corporations spend big on trying to standardise consumer markets
Some countries are fine with this, others fight it
Indigenous cultures not being able to hand down languages is a way most languages die
Gradual language death - speakers of one language come into contact with a higher language
World feels smaller because travel is more accessible
Average cost of domestic travel has dropped 50% in the last 30 years
Travel is both faster and cheaper
Internet has accelerated the rate of shrinking time and space
People can access global markets from anywhere and communicate in real time
Increases the level of inequality all over the world
Global cities have more strength
Developed countries will continue to exert a disproportionate influence on internet-based economic innovators
