Robert Wicks Final

Public Broadcasting System: Pros and Cons

• Pros: Ensures diversity of content, independent of commercial pressures, fosters national culture and identity, accessible to all segments of society.

• Cons: Often underfunded, subject to political influence, can be inefficient in terms of resource allocation, potential bias in state-run systems.

Net Neutrality: Definition and Related Concepts

• Net neutrality refers to the principle that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must treat all data on the internet the same, without discriminating or charging differently by user, content, website, or platform.

Distinction Between the Market and Public Sphere Models

• Market model: Media operates on a profit-driven basis, relying on advertisements and subscriptions.

• Public sphere model: Media serves the public good, with the focus on informed citizenship and the dissemination of diverse ideas, often funded by the state or public funds.

Media Advertising Spending Patterns

• Trends in advertising spending show significant shifts toward digital media (online, social media platforms) as opposed to traditional forms (TV, print). The growth of online platforms has revolutionized advertising.

Noam Chomsky

• Chomsky is a critic of mainstream media, focusing on how media often serves corporate and government interests rather than serving the public. His theory of "manufacturing consent" argues that media systems are controlled by powerful elites.

Trends in Media Industries (Growth, Integration, Globalization, Media Concentration)

• Growth: Rapid expansion of digital media platforms.

• Integration: Merging of media companies to increase market power.

• Globalization: Media content is increasingly distributed globally, creating a more interconnected world.

• Media Concentration: The consolidation of media ownership, leading to fewer companies controlling most of the media landscape.

Economies of Scale (pp. 12 & 36)

• Economies of scale refer to the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, with cost per unit decreasing as the company grows in size.

Objectives of the 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act

• The main goals were to promote competition in the telecommunications market, increase consumer access to services, and reduce government regulation. It also aimed at facilitating the growth of the Internet.

Business-to-Business (B2B) and E-Commerce

• B2B: Refers to transactions between businesses, typically involving wholesale trade or services.

• E-commerce: Buying and selling of goods/services over the internet, which can be B2B, B2C, or C2C (consumer to consumer).

Twitter and Weblogs

• Twitter and blogs are forms of social media and online communication, allowing users to share short-form messages, opinions, and information. They play a role in global communication, often acting as platforms for political discourse, personal expression, and business engagement.

E-Government

• The use of digital technologies by government entities to provide services, engage with citizens, and promote transparency. E-Government includes online portals for services like tax filing, voting, and health information.

Medical Data and Health Care

• Medical data is increasingly digitized, enabling better tracking of health trends and more efficient healthcare delivery. However, concerns about privacy and security remain significant issues.

Protectionism

• Protectionism refers to government actions and policies that restrict international trade to protect local industries. This includes tariffs, subsidies, and import quotas.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

• The UDHR aims to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all individuals. It was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 and serves as a common standard for human rights globally.

Charter of the United Nations (UN)

• The UN Charter is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, establishing the organization’s objectives, structure, and principles of international cooperation, including the promotion of peace, security, and human rights.

Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity

• Genocide: Intentional action to destroy a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.

• War Crimes: Violations of the laws of war, including killing civilians or prisoners of war.

• Crimes Against Humanity: Atrocities like enslavement, torture, or murder committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack on civilians.

Geneva Conventions

• The Geneva Conventions are a set of treaties establishing standards for international law concerning humanitarian treatment in war, including protection for civilians and prisoners of war.

League of Nations

• The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation but was ultimately ineffective in preventing World War II. It was replaced by the United Nations in 1945.

Natural Rights

• Natural rights refer to a political theory where individuals have inherent rights (such as life, liberty, and property) that exist independent of government.

Pull Factors and Push Factors

• Push factors: Conditions that drive people to leave their home country (e.g., conflict, lack of opportunity).

• Pull factors: Conditions that attract people to a new country (e.g., better job prospects, political stability).

Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

• This international treaty outlines the protection of refugees, their rights, and the responsibilities of host countries to provide asylum and prevent refoulement (deportation back to a country where they face persecution).

United Nations Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

• UNHCR is the UN agency responsible for providing protection and assistance to refugees and displaced persons worldwide. It works to find solutions, including resettlement and voluntary repatriation.

International Organization for Migration (IOM)

• IOM supports safe, orderly, and humane migration by providing services such as resettlement assistance and migration-related research.

Education International (EI)

• EI is a global federation of trade unions representing educators, advocating for quality education for all and the protection of the rights of teachers.

Global Citizenship

• Global citizenship refers to recognizing oneself as part of a broader global community with shared responsibilities for addressing global challenges such as climate change, human rights, and inequality.

Education and Xenophobia

• The article likely examines the role of education in either perpetuating or challenging xenophobia, showing how education systems can either foster inclusion or promote exclusion and discrimination.

Global Citizenship (Findings)

• The article might explore how global citizenship education fosters understanding, tolerance, and engagement in global issues, aiming to create a sense of responsibility beyond national borders.

Progress on Gender Inequality

• Progress in gender equality has been made in areas like education and political participation, though challenges remain, particularly in economic opportunities and violence against women.

World Trade Organization (WTO) and Drug Patents

• The WTO regulates international trade and enforces rules related to intellectual property, including drug patents. There are debates on how patents can limit access to affordable medicine, particularly in low-income countries.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. They are used in agriculture to increase yield, resist pests, or improve nutritional content, but they also raise concerns about health, environmental, and ethical issues.

Trends in HIV/AIDS Worldwide

• Global trends in HIV/AIDS include efforts to improve treatment access, reduce stigma, and prevent new infections. However, disparities remain in access to healthcare and prevention, especially in developing regions.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• GATT was a multilateral agreement aimed at reducing tariffs and trade barriers to encourage international trade. It was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

• MMPA is a U.S. law that aims to protect marine mammal species from harm, including hunting, capture, and harassment, recognizing the importance of these species in marine ecosystems.

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

• The OECD promotes policies that improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, fostering international cooperation on issues like development, trade, and environmental sustainability.

Ozone Depletion vs. Global Warming

• Both are environmental issues, but ozone depletion refers to the thinning of the Earth's ozone layer (mainly due to CFCs), while global warming involves the increase in Earth's average temperature due to greenhouse gases like CO2.

National Development

• National development refers to the improvement in the economic, social, and political conditions of a country. It includes aspects such as poverty reduction