Exam 2

Chapter 22: The Evolution of Primates

• Arboreal: living in trees

• Brachiation: Swinging from limb to limb in trees

• Prehensile tail: one that can be used like an arm or leg for grasping and holding on

• Quadrupedal movement: moving on all four limbs

• Stereoscopic vision: seeing an object at the same time with both eyes in the same plane with slightly different perspective gives depth perception, width, height, etc.

Objective 1: Reconstruct the cladogram for primate evolution; name and give examples of the three suborders of primates; distinguish among anthropoids, hominoids, and hominins

• Reconstruct the cladogram for primate evolution; name and give examples of the three suborders of primates; distinguish among anthropoids, hominoids, and hominins

Primate Cladogram

• Three suborders

  • Prosimii

  • Trarsiiformes

  • Anthropodiea

• Humans and humanoid ancestors are Hominins

Objective 2: Describe locomotion in hominoids (remembering/understanding)

• Hominoid Locomotion

  • Brachiation (gibbons and organutans)

    • swinging from limb to limb

    • tree dwellers

      • ex: monkey bars

  • Knuckle walking (chimpanzees and gorillas)

    • use arms to assist in quadrupedal waling

  • Upright (hominini including current humans)

    • humans

Objective 3: Describe the skeletal and skull difference between apes and hominini

• Describe the skeletal and skull difference between apes and hominini

Skeletal differences between humans and gorillas

• Toe alignment

  • Humans- first toe aligned and not opposable

  • Gorillas- first toe not aligned and is opposable

• Pelvis

  • Humans- short, broad

  • Gorillas- long, oval

• Vertebral column

  • Humans- base of skull

  • Gorillas- long, oval

• Foramen magnum

  • Humans- 4 curves

  • Gorillas- one simple curve

• Jaw

  • Humans- u-shaped

  • Gorillas- rectangular

• Pronounced facial feature

  • human-chin

  • gorillas- supraorbital ridge

Objective 4: List and describe differences between Old World and New World monkeys

Comparision of Old World and New World Monkeys

• Tail

  • OW- no prehensile tail

  • NW- prehensile tail

• Nose

  • OW- narrow, with downward nostrils

  • NW- flat, widespread nostrils

• Terrestrial vs aboreal

  • OW- both

  • NW- arboreal

• Quadrupedal movement

  • OW- yes

  • NW- new

Objective 5: Understand that there were many species in the hominoid line and that at time more than one species simultaneously. Name the three most recent species of hominids

• Homo neaderthalensis, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo sapiens are the three most recent species of hominids that existed during the late Pleistocene epoch.

Chapter 32: The Deutrosomes

• New words

  • Adaptive radiation: formation of many new species from an ancestral species, often occurs rapidly in geological time when a new niche opens up

  • Arboreal: living in the trees

  • Cloaca: common exit point shared by reproductive

  • Desiccate: dry out from lack of water (dehydration)

  • Ectothermic: animal whose body heat goes up and down with changes in the external environment temperature, “cold blooded”

  • Endothermic: animal that maintains a constant body temperature regardless of external environmental changes, often referred to as "warm-blooded".

  • Eutheria: animal that nourishes the embryo via a placenta

  • Metamorphosis: undergo a change in body form from one developmental stage to another

  • Metatheria animals that arise their young in a pouch

  • Oviparous: animals that lay eggs and the embryo is nourished by the yolk

  • Oviparous: animals that incubate an egg internally, the embryo gets nourishment from the yolk, and have live births

  • Protheria: egg laying mammals (duckbilled platypus)

  • Viviparous: animals where the young develop inside the uterus and nutrients are transferred from mother to embryo

Objective 1: Name and describe the ancestral feature and the derived features leading to the deuterostomes.

• Ancestral features

  • all multicellularity

  • tissues (three tissue layers)

  • triploblastic- endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

  • bilateral symmetry- sea star (pentaradial), adult: radial or pentaradial

  • True coelom (coelomates)

  • deuterostomic development

  • Other features vary with phylum and class

  • phylum echinodermata and phylum. chordata

  • notice segmentation revolved in chordata

Objective 2: Name and describe the general characteristics of echinoderms and compare and contrast the major classes of echinoderms

Chapter 39: Introduction to Structure and Function (Animal)

Chapter 40: Skin and Skeleton (Protection and Support)

Chapter 41: Neural Regulation and the Nervous System

Chapter 42: The Nervous System