AP WORLD FINAL

Reformation

• In the Catholic Church, bishops could only rule in one place.

• Erasmus laid the foundation of the revolution. He was able to do so because of the printing press.

• Martin Luther was the accidental revolutionary lawyer monk. He was the founder of the revolution.

-His parents wanted him to be a lawyer, but he wanted to be a monk so he used religion to guide him with laws.

• Why Did People Protect Martin Luther?

-They agreed with his call for Church reform

-German princes wanted more power and less control from the Pope

-He had strong local support, especially from Prince Frederick

-People believed in freedom to read and interpret the Bible

-Money

• Martin Luther’s ideas:

-He was against the selling of indulgences (He confronted John Tutzel about the selling of indulgences.)

-Salvation can be achieved through the grace of god alone

-Good works do not grant salvation

-Christians must have faith in God

-He rejected the Catholic Church because the bible is the only authority

-Anyone should be able to read the bible in any vernacular language (He translated the bible from Latin to German. This was important because it wasn’t translated before because the Church did not want normal people to interpret it.)

• Martin Luther spread these ideas through his 95 theses. The 95 theses was a public criticism of the Catholic Church.

-When faced by court, he did not take his ideas back because that would have added to the tyranny.

• Diet of Worms (1521): Luther was excommunicated because of his 95 theses. It was in response to the turmoil caused by the ideas of Luther and other Protestants.

• Council of Trent: Meetings in response to the Catholic Church Reform and Protestant Movement.

• Results of Luther/Protestants:

-The Protestant Reformation led to schism in the Church and wars.

-People breaking away forced the church to do something.

-The council rejected most of the Protestant ideology. Salvation was only attained through the Catholic church.

• Ignasius Loyola was the founder of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits.) He was an important member of reformation and of the modernization of the catholic church.

• Ignasius disagreed with:

-Sola scriptura (Bible alone as authority)

-Sola fide (faith alone for salvation)

-He believed both faith and good works were needed for salvation

-Opposed the rejection of Church tradition and papal authority

• However, Ignasius believed in reforming the Catholic Church instead of breaking away from it.

Review Questions:

• Describe the reasons why Martin Luther began a spiritual revolt against the Roman Catholic Church

-Martin Luther did not believe in the selling of indulgences

-Differently from the Catholic Church, Martin Luther believed that salvation is a gifft from God for those who are faithful.

• Describe Luther’s main beliefs regarding Christianity

-He was against the selling of indulgences 

-Salvation can be achieved through the grace of god alone

-Good works do not grant salvation

-Christians must have faith in God

-He rejected the Catholic Church because the bible is the only authority

-Anyone should be able to read the bible in any vernacular language 

• Why was Luther’s reformation movement successful?

Martin Luther had a lot of support. People protected him because: 

-They agreed with his call for Church reform

-German princes wanted more power and less control from the Pope

-He had strong local support, especially from Prince Frederick

-People believed in freedom to read and interpret the Bible

-Money

-His ideas appealed to all classes

-The printing press helped to spread his ideas

• How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

-The Catholic Church rejected a lot of Protestant ideology. 

-Salvation was only obtained through the Catholic Church.

-Meetings such as the Diet of Worms and the Council of Trent were held in response to the Protestant Reformation.

-Censorship and Punishment: The Church censored works that went against Catholic teachings.

-Architecture: They built big, beautiful churches in order to spread catholicism.

African Slave Trade

• Slavery existed in Africa prior to the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

-Power in Africa did not come from owning land. Instead, it came from owning slaves because they made that land productive. 

-Most slaves came from war captives, criminals and individuals that were expelled from clans.

• Islamic Slave Trade: Muslim merchants sought African slaves. They often forced them into servitude. They transported slaves across the Sahara to be distributed in the Mediterranean and across the Indian Ocean.

• Background of the Slave Trade:

-In the 15th century, Portuguese mariners began to explore the Atlantic Ocean.

-They found islands (like the Canary Islands) that allowed for sugar and grape cultivation.

• Reasons for the start of the Slave Trade: 

-Europeans had relied on Native Americans for labor, but many died due to disease. As a result, Europeans saw Africans as a source of labor.

-It was easier for Europeans to get African slaves because slavery was already integrated into the society.

-The Portuguese wanted gold from Africa.

-People could purchase enormous amounts of cheap land for plantations.

• Why Africans?

-Geography/Wind Patterns (West Africa is close to Brazil)

-Disease Resistance

-Pre existing slave trade

-They were excellent farmers

-Different skin colors makes slaves easily identifiable

-Hard for them to revolt

• Europeans usually traded for slaves instead of capturing them for many reasons.

-They were scared to go into the African interior because they could contract malaria.

-The Portuguese tried to capture Africans but they often faced resistance.

-However, sometimes Europeans did force Africans into slavery.

• The Portuguese began the Atlantic Slave Trade and it started out small.

-They faced resistance while capturing slaves, leading them to purchase them instead.

-Sugar planters relied on slave labor.

-As the Portuguese began to rely on slave labor, the Spanish, Caribbean and the Americas wanted them too.

-Overall, slaves came to the new world because Europeans sought labor help and often had to support large numbers.

• The Triangular Trade was an exchange between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

-The Triangular Trade started off in the 16th century and ended during the 19th century.

• In the first leg of the Triangular Trade, Europe gave Africa manufactured goods in exchange for slaves. In the second leg, these slaves were transported to the Americas. In the Americas, slaves produced raw materials. In the third leg, these raw materials were transported to Europe.

-Europe often gave Africa firearms during the trade.

• The slaves were transported to the Americas through the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was a journey across the Atlantic where the Europeans transported slaves in terrible conditions.

-About 25% of slaves died. The conditions were so terrible that many tried to starve themselves.

-The ships were extremely cramped, they were treated very inhumanely and diseases were spread.

• The slave trade was very inhumane because Europeans forced Africans into slavery and took away their rights.

• From the 1600s and beyond, slavery had an extreme impact on the world because about 20 million slaves were sent to the western hemisphere.

-Slavery increased during this time because more Europeans settled west.

• African countries that sold slaves profited greatly. However, several African societies suffered severe losses due to their deep population decline.

-Kingdoms such as Ashanti and Dahomey became extremely wealthy.

• Most slaves were young men because of their physical abilities. This prevented reproduction in the Americas, furthering the cycle of the slave trade because plantation owners looked to Africa for more slaves.

-The slaves who were women took on household roles.

-Since there were more women than men in the homelands, women often took on male roles.

• Some slaves worked as urban laborers or domestic servants, but most did agricultural labor on plantations.

• Sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco, molasses and coffee were all cash crops from slave labor in the Americas.

-Cash crops are agricultural products that are sold because of their high value.

• Plantations: Plantations were established on fertile lands and generated a lot of wealth. Their purpose was to specialize in the production of a highly desired crop. There were some regional differences, and some were more vulnerable to diseases than others.

• Slave labor was crucial to the development of American societies.

-Slaves introduced African foods to Caribbean/American societies.

• While slaves kept parts of their culture, European and American cultures and languages were often forced upon them.

-However, they did often keep their religion.

-They also used music to provide a sense of home and also a distraction.

• Western African countries were more susceptible to slavery because they were closer to slave ports. The slave trade promoted turmoil and wars in the Western African countries,

-These countries received firearms (and gold and silver) from Europe, allowing them to engage in wars.

-They often used these firearms to capture slaves from unarmed areas, which could begin disputes.

• Slaves begin to resist authorities in multiple ways.

-Slaves revolted.

-Slaves ran away.

-Slaves worked slowly.

-Freed slaves often published works on slavery.

• The Triangular Trade ended because it was no longer beneficial.

-Slave revolts made slavery expensive and dangerous.

-Increased Caribbean sugar forced Europeans to lower sugar prices but slave prices increased.

-New moral and religious ideas opposed slavery. (The American and French Revolutions promoted life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness and equality, making the ethics behind slavery become questioned.)

Review Questions:

• Describe the fundamental structure of the Atlantic slave trade

-Manufactured goods from Europe were traded to Africa in exchange for slaves. These slaves were then transported to the Americas/Caribbean to perform labor. The raw materials from the slave labor were then exported to Europe. 

• Why did the Atlantic slave trade greatly expand after the arrival of Europeans in the Caribbean, Central America and South America? 

-Indigenous people were exposed to European diseases, causing many of them to die off. As a result, Europeans sought a different source of labor, which they found in Africa.

• What were some of the major goods that were traded in the Atlantic “Triangular trade”

-Sugar

-Molasses

-Tobacco

-Coffee

-Cotton

Columbian Exchange

• The Columbian Exchange was the global diffusion of plants, crops, animals, populations and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

-These diseases took tolls on populations in the Americas and Pacific Islands. 

-The Aztecs declined because of smallpox, allowing the Spanish to take over.

-This led to mass populations migrating.

-European merchants became extremely popular in the Indian Ocean basin. 

-Animals, like those with fur and ivory, became increasingly desired.

• Despite spreading diseases, over the long term, the exchange led to an increase in the human population because of all of the food it provided.

• Europeans established a global trading system. Trade was established between the Americas, Europe and Africa through the Atlantic Ocean.

-By the late 16th century, humans were able to exploit nature and agricultural resources.

-Trade brought American crops to the Sub-Saharan desert. American foods provided nutrients, allowing the European population to rapidly increase.

-English, Dutch, French and other populations helped to develop global trade. By 1750, all parts of the world, except Australia, were interlinked through trading networks. 

• Manila galleons were ships in the Pacific Ocean basin that were used for trade.

Review Questions: 

• Define the term Columbian Exchange:

The Columbian Exchange was the global trade of plants, animals, crops, ideas and diseases. The Columbian Exchange connected the Old World to the New World, with trade everywhere except for Australia. The Columbian Exchange was the first time that the whole world was linked. The Columbian Exchange followed the Age oF Exploration started by Chrstopher Columbus and other Europeans.

• Why did old world Eurasian/Africans often have more deadly diseases than people from the new world?

Europeans lived densely and in close proximity to many animals. This allowed for the spread of many diseases. However, since they were exposed to it, they developed resistance. When the Europeans and Africans came to the Americas, the Native Americans were not exposed to these diseases, putting them at great risk.