AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

1. person perception: the process by

which individuals form impressions,

judgments, and evaluations of other

people based on their characteristics,

behavior, and social cues

2. attribution theory: a psychological

framework that focuses on how

individuals explain the causes of

behavior, events, and outcomes

3. dispositional attribution: explaining

behavior in terms of personal

characteristics or dispositions (such as

personality traits, abilities, or intentions)

4. situational attribution: attributing

behavior to situational or environmental

factors (such as luck, task difficulty, or

situational constraints)

5. explanatory style: an individual's

habitual way of explaining the causes of

events, outcomes, and experiences in

their life

6. actor/observer bias: differences in

attributions made by actors (individuals

engaging in behavior) versus observers

(individuals observing the behavior of

others)

7. fundamental attribution error: when

individuals tend to overemphasize the

role of personal factors (internal

attributions) and underestimate the

impact of situational factors (external

attributions) when explaining the

behavior of others

8. self-serving bias: a cognitive tendency

where individuals attribute their

successes to internal factors (such as

their own abilities or efforts) and their

failures to external factors (such as luck

or external circumstances)

9. internal locus of control: believing

you have control over your own life and

the outcomes you experience

10. external locus of control: believing

that external factors, such as luck, fate,

or other people have the most influence

over the events and outcomes in your

life

11. mere exposure effect: the

phenomenon that repeated exposure to

the novel stimuli increases favorable

feelings toward the stimuli

12. self-fulfilling prophecy: when a

person’s expectations unconsciously

affect their actions and therefore the

outcome of a situation

13. social comparison: the process by

which individuals evaluate their own

abilities, achievements, attitudes, and

other characteristics by comparing

themselves to others

14. upward social comparison: when

individuals compare themselves to

others who are perceived to be better

off or more competent in some way

15. downward social comparison: when

individuals compare themselves to

others who are perceived to be worse

off or less competent

16. relative deprivation: the feeling of

dissatisfaction or discontent that arises

when individuals or groups perceive

that they are worse off compared to

others

7.2 Attitude Formation & Attitude Change

17. attitude: a way of thinking or feeling

about someone or something that is

reflected in a person's behavior

18. stereotype: a widely held, fixed, and

oversimplified belief or idea about a

particular type of person or group

19. prejudice: a negative attitude or feeling

toward individuals or groups based on

their membership in a particular social

category,

20. discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial

treatment of individuals or groups

based on their membership in a

particular social category

21. implicit attitudes: automatic and

unconscious evaluations or preferences

that individuals hold toward certain

people, groups, objects, or concepts

22. just-world phenomenon: to believe

that the world is fundamentally fair and

that people generally get what they

deserve

23. out-of-group homogeneity bias: the

tendency for individuals to perceive

members of groups to which they do

not belong (out-groups) as more similar

to each other than members of their

own group (in-group)

24. in-group bias: when individuals tend to

favor members of their own group (the

in-group) over members of other groups

(out-groups)

25. ethnocentrism: the practice of

regarding one’s own ethnic, racial, or

social group as the center of all things

26. belief perseverance: the tendency for

individuals to cling to their initial beliefs

or opinions even in the face of

contradictory evidence or information

that suggests they may be incorrect

27. cognitive dissonance: a discrepancy

between actions and attitudes

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