Class_1__History_of_Community_Health_Nursing_and_Public_Health_cvv_Studentv2025.pptx

Welcome

• Course: NURS 3000 Community Health Nursing Theory

  The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada

Did You Know?

• Only five of the 30 years gained in life expectancy over the past century are due to medical interventions (Bunker et al., 1994).

• Medicine's impact on global mortality is minor compared to environmental improvements (Naidoo & Wills, 2000).

Public Health in Canada

• Early Public Health Efforts

• History of public health nursing

• Developments Post-WWI and Post-WWII

• Changes from the 1970s to present

Public Health in Canada: 1800’s - Early 1900’s

• Establishment of Boards of Health

• Lack of formal public health training

• Quarantines during outbreaks

• Epidemics including small pox & cholera

• Development of vaccination programs for tuberculosis

Tuberculosis Mortality

• Chart depicts death rate from tuberculosis in Ontario over ten years ranging from 1899 to 1908.

  • Death rate varied from 1.2 to 1.3 per 1,000.

  • Total deaths each year ranging from 2,511 to 3,484.

Public Health in Canada: 1900’s

• Focus on prevention of communicable diseases.

• Addressing sanitation concerns

• Emphasis on maternal and child health

• Managing outbreaks including tuberculosis

Public Health in Canada: Post WWI

• Introduction of nursing education specific to public health.

• Implementation of regulations and legislation.

• Growth of immunizations and tuberculosis containment efforts.

Public Health in Canada: Post WWII

• Advances in clinical medicine for disease treatment.

• Majority of health funding allocated to personal health services.

• Increased emphasis on immunizations and less on health promotion.

Public Health in Canada: 1970s - 1990s

• Shift towards prevention and health promotion (fitness, smoking cessation, nutrition).

• Key reports:

  • Lalonde Report (1974)

  • Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)

• Growing focus on chronic disease and increased surveillance.

• Development of population health strategies (1994).

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

• Key actions include:

  • Strengthening community action

  • Enabling and mediating health strategies

  • Advocating for supportive environments

  • Developing personal skills

  • Reorienting health services

  • Building healthy public policies

Public Health in Canada: 2000 - Present

• Enhancements in public health capacity and emergency preparedness.

• Management of outbreaks (SARS, H1N1, Ebola, COVID-19).

• Formation of the Mental Health Commission of Canada.

• Addressing the opioid crisis and implementing harm reduction strategies.

• Focus on health equity and determinants of health.

• Engaging with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission initiatives.

• Public health promotion initiatives targeting obesity and sodium intake.

• Challenges with rising STI rates.

Current Challenges in Public Health

• Climate change implications.

• Measles and monkeypox outbreaks.

• Need for robust public health infrastructure.

Nursing in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

• Origins of community health nursing in Canada.

Comparison of 1900 and 2000

• Reflection on how little has changed structurally in community health nursing.

Milestones in Community Health Nursing

• Transition towards generalist roles.

• Emphasis on prevention and health promotion.

• Addressing chronic disease and injury prevention.

• Development of Nurse Practitioner roles.

Recent Milestones in Community Health Nursing

• Tackling funding challenges for prevention.

• Expansion of home care services.

• Increased focus on public health capacity.

Community Health Nurses of Canada

• A voluntary association providing a unified voice for CHNs.

• Monitoring trends and issues related to public health nursing.

• Setting standards for practice, certification, and competencies.

12 Great Canadian Public Health Achievements

1. Control of infectious diseases

2. Safer and healthier foods

3. Vaccination efforts

4. Healthy environments

5. Enhanced workplace safety

6. Tobacco recognition as a health hazard

7. Improvements in motor vehicle safety

8. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke

9. Establishment of universal health policies

10. Advancements in family planning

11. Healthier mothers and babies

12. Addressing social determinants of health.