Chapter 17 "Voices of Freedom"
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Like industrial workers, small farmers in the late nineteenth century faced increasing economic difficulties. Populism's platform of 1892, adopted at the party's convention, remains a classic document of reform. Through the Farmers' Alliance and the People's (or Populist) Party, farmers sought to remedy their condition.
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Corruption dominates the ballot box, the Legislatures, the Congress, and the judiciary. Most of the States have been compelled to isolate the voters at the polling places. The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, public opinion silenced, business prostrated, homes covered with mortgages, labor impoverished, and land concentrating in the hands of capitalists.
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The urban workmen are denied the right to organize for self- protection, imported pauperized labor beats down their wages, a hireling standing army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them down, and they are rapidly degenerating into European conditions. They are denied the right to organize for self-protection, as a hireling standing army is established to shoot them down. The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in the history of mankind.
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A vast conspiracy against mankind has been organized on two continents, and it is rapidly taking possession of the world. The national power to create money is appropriated to enrich usurers, bankrupt enterprise, and enslave industry. Silver, which has been accepted as coin since the dawn of history, has been demonetized to add to the purchasing power of gold.
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We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them.
They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock and the demonetization of silver may all be lost sight of.
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They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution. They want to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for their posterity.
We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.
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We declare that this Republic can only endure as a free government while built upon the love of the whole people for each other and for the nation. We declare that the civil war is over, and that every passion and resentment which grew out of it must die with it. We must be in fact, as we are in name, **one united brotherhood of free men.
Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, with in a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production; the existing currency supply is wholly inadequate to make this exchange; the results are falling prices, the formation of combines and rings, the impoverishment of the producing class.
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If given power we will labor to correct these evils by wise and reasonable legislation, in accordance with the terms of our platform. We believe that the power of government in other words, of the people should be expanded (as in the case of the postal service) as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience shall justify.
Our sympathies as a party of reform are naturally upon the side of every proposition which will tend to make men intelligent, virtuous, and temperate. But we nevertheless regard these questions as secondary to the great issues now pressing for solution. Until every wrong is remedied and equal rights and equal privileges securely established, we ask all men to first help us to determine whether a republic is to be administered.
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United States wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. We declare that the union of the labor forces of the United States this day consummated shall be permanent and perpetual; may its spirit enter into all hearts for the salvation of the Republic and the uplifting of mankind.
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Farmers' Alliance: All persons engaged in the government service should be placed under a civil service regulation of the most rigid character, so as to prevent the increase of the power of the national administration by the use of additional government employees.
We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private. We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads.
We demand free and unrestricted silver and gold coinage at the current legal ratio of 16 to 1.
We urge that the amount of circulating medium be increased as soon as possible to at least $50 per capita.
We advocate for a tiered income tax.
We believe that the money of the country should be retained in the hands of the people as much as possible, and thus we demand that all State and national revenues be confined to the required expenses of the government, and that they be administered economically and honestly.
We demand that the government establish postal savings institutions for the safe deposit of people's wages and to promote exchange.
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Transportation, being a means of exchange and a public necessity, should be owned and operated by the government. The telegraph, like the post office system, is a necessity for the transmission of news. The government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people.
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Land, including all the natural sources of wealth, should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. All land now held by railroads and other corporations in excess of their actual needs should be reclaimed by the government and held for actual settlers only.
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Booker T. Washington: Blacks should remain in the South, adjust to segregation, seek white cooperation to improve their economic condition. He promised white southerners that blacks would work happily if given job opportunities in the North. Washington had already won notoriety as head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
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But the speech established Washington as the nation's most prominent black leader. Washington also won support from many blacks, especially businessmen, whose own aspirations coincided with his call for racial economic advancement. It was widely praised by white Americans, North and South, who hoped it marked an end to agitation for equal rights for blacks.
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The black race accounts for one-third of the population in the South. No venture pursuing the material, civil, or moral well-being of this segment of our population can be successful if this segment is ignored. I can only express the sentiments of the masses of my race when I declare that the value and masculinity of the American person of color have been more suitably and generously recognized than by the managers of this magnificent Exposition at every level of its evolution. It is a recognition that will do more to solidify the bond of the two races than any other event since our independence.
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When a ship lost at sea sighted a friendly vessel, the vessel said, "Water, water; we die of thirst." The friendly vessel replied, "Cast down your bucket where you are". The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. Ignorant and inexperienced, it is not strange that in the first years of our new life we began at the top instead of at the bottom. A seat in Congress or the state legislature was more sought than real estate or industrial skill.
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Cast down your bucket where you are, cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded, says former US President George H W Bush. "To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next door neighbor," he says.
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Slavery should be cast down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions of the South. Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands. We shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor, and put brains and skill into the common occupations of life. In the South it is in the South that the person of color is given a man's chance in the commercial world. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities.
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To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, Cast down your bucket where you are. Cast it down among the eight millions of people of color whose habits you know.
Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, built your railroads and cities, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South.
They will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields and run your factories. You will help and encourage them as you are doing on these grounds, and to education of head, hand, and heart, you will fi nd that they will pay your bills and give you their surplus land.
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While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours shall make the interests of both races one.
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The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremes folly. Progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar at an opera-house.
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The most powerful critique of Washington's program came from the pen of W. E. B. Du Bois. The black educator and activist was born during Reconstruction and died on the eve of the March on Washington of 1963. His life spanned the modern history of the civil rights movement.
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In The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois sought to revive the tradition of agitation for basic civil, political, and educational rights. He would go on to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. As the editor of its monthly publication, The Crisis, he would continue to issue calls for full black participation in American public life.
Du Bois would go on to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and, as the editor of its monthly publication, The Crisis, would continue to issue calls for full black participation in American public life, as well as link the black struggle in this country with the movement for in dependence for Eu rope's African colonies.
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The ascension of Mr. Booker T. Washington is easily the most notable event in the history of the American person of color since 1876. It began at a time when wartime memories and aspirations were quickly fading; A day of astounding commercial development was approaching; a sense of
The freedmen's sons were overcome with doubt and trepidation, and it was then when that he began to lead Mr. Washington arrived with a clear directive. Program, at a psychological time when the country was a little embarrassed to have bestowed so much sentiment on black people,
and was focusing its efforts on Dollars.
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His program of industrial education, conciliation with the South, and submission and silence on civil and political rights was not entirely original; free people of color had worked to build industrial schools from 1830 until the war, and the American Missionary Association had taught various trades from the beginning, and Price and others had sought an honorable alliance with the best of the Southerners.
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But it was Mr. Washington who first inextricably linked these things; he invested his program with zeal, boundless energy, and unwavering faith, transforming it from a side road into a true Way of Life. And the story of how he accomplished this is a fascinating study of human life. It astonished the nation to hear a person of color espousing such a policy after many decades of angry complaint; it startled and gained the South's praise, it interested and won the North's admiration, and it silenced if it did not convert the people of color themselves.
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At the time Tuskegee was founded, for a black man, well nigh impossible. And yet ten years later it was done in the word spoken at Atlanta: "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers". This "Atlanta Compromise" is by all odds the most notable thing in Mr. Washington's career. So both approved it, and to- day its author is certainly the most distinguished Southerner since Jefferson Davis, and the one with the largest personal following. . . .
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The time has come to speak candidly and courteously about Mr. Washington's failures and shortcomings, as well as his successes... This is a period of unusual economic development, and Mr. Washington's program inevitably takes on an economic tone, becoming a gospel of Work and Money to the point that it appears to have almost totally eclipsed the higher goals of life... The reaction to wartime sentiment has fueled race prejudice against persons of color, and Mr. Washington withdraws many of the lofty standards of people of color as men and American citizens.
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All people of color's tendency to self-affirmation has been highlighted during other times of increased prejudice; During this time, a submission policy is advocated. Manly self-respect is worth more than lands and houses, and a people who voluntarily surrender such respect or cease striving for it are not worth civilizing, has been the doctrine preached at such crises in the history of nearly all other races.
Mr. Washington specifically requests that black people concentrate all of their efforts on industrial education, the accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South at least for the time being instead of giving up three things: political power, insisting on civil rights, and higher education for black youth.
Over the past fifteen years, this policy has been courageously and insistently advocated, and it has been successful for perhaps ten years. What has transpired as a result of this palm branch's tenderness?
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The emancipation of people of color.
The legislative establishment of a special civil inferiority position for persons of color.
The continual removal of funds from institutes for black people's higher education. These trends are not, to be true, direct outcomes of Mr. Washington's beliefs; yet, his propaganda has undeniably aided in their hastening. The question then becomes: Is it possible and likely that nine million men can produce successful economic advancement if they are denied political rights, reduced to a servile caste, and given only the most limited opportunities to develop their remarkable abilities? If history and logic provide a clear response to these concerns, it is unequivocal. No blacks are unlikely to inquire this nation of three things.
The ability to vote.
Equality in civic life.
Ability-based education for youth... People of color must consistently stress, in season and out of season, that voting is essential to contemporary manhood, that color prejudice is barbarism, and that black boys, like white boys, require education.
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We must work toward the rights that society accords to people using all civilized and nonviolent means while clinging tenaciously to those lofty ideals that the sons of the Fathers would do well to forget, such as: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
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Racial segregation changed into most effective one a part of a complete machine of racial inequality that changed into firmly placed into region at some stage in the 1890s. Blacks who sought to project the machine or who refused to just accept the demeaning remedy that changed into a each day function of southern existence confronted now no longer most effective overwhelming political and criminal strength however additionally the danger of violent reprisal.
In each year among 1883 and 1905, greater than fifty people, the great majority of them black men, had been lynched within side the South that is, murdered via way of means of a mob. Lynching endured nicely into the 20th century. Many sufferers of lynching's had been accused after their deaths of getting raped a white woman. Many white southerners taken into consideration retaining the purity of white womanhood a justification for extralegal vengeance.
Yet, in almost all cases, as Ida B. Wells argued in a newspaper editorial after a Memphis lynching in 1892, the fee of rape changed into a “naked lie.”
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Wells, a slave who was born in Mississippi in 1862, went on to become a teacher and an editor. While she was away from the city, a mob destroyed her newspaper, the Memphis Free Press, because of her piece denouncing the killing of three black men in Memphis. Wells stayed in the North, where she rose to prominence as the country's top lynching abolitionist. Wells wrote about the Memphis lynching and the start of the anti-lynching campaign in her autobiography, which wasn't released until 1970.
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As I continued to work on my newspaper in this manner, the Memphis lynching occurred, which completely altered the path of my life.
In a densely crowded suburb, Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Henry Stewart ran a grocery shop. A white guy who had previously had a stranglehold on the commerce of this densely populated, predominantly colored suburb already owned and managed a food store. All of that changed when Thomas opened his grocery store, and the white proprietor made him and his friends feel unwelcome. 2. Line 11 - 23:
One day a few colored and white boys quarreled over a recreation of marbles and the colored boys were given the higher of the combat which followed. . . . Then the mission became issued that the vanquished whites had been approaching Saturday night time to smooth out [Thomas’s] Colored People’s Grocery Company. . . .
Accordingly the grocery enterprise armed numerous guys and stationed them within side the rear of the shop on that deadly Saturday night time, now no longer to assault however repel a threatened assault. . . . The guys stationed there had visible numerous white guys stealing through the rear door and fired on them with out a moment’s pause. Three of those guys had been wounded, and others fled and gave the alarm. . . .
Over one hundred colored guys had been dragged from their houses and installed prison on suspicion. All day lengthy on that fateful Sunday white guys had been authorized within side the prison to appearance over the imprisoned black guys. . . . The mob took out in their cells Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Henry Stewart, the 3 officers of the People’s Grocery Company.
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The mob took ownership of the People’s Grocery Company, supporting themselves to meals and drink, and destroyed what they couldn't devour or steal. The lenders had the region closed and some days later what remained of the inventory become offered at auction. Thus, with the useful resource of town and county government and the day by day papers, that white grocer had certainly positioned an give up to his rival black grocer in addition to to his business. . . .
Like many any other man or woman who had examine of lynching’s within side the South, I had usual the concept intended to be conveyed that even though lynching become abnormal and opposite to regulation and order, unreasoning anger over the horrible crime of rape caused the lynching; that possibly the brute deserved dying in any case and the mob become justified in taking his life. 3. Line 18 - 32:
I then started out an research of each lynching I examine about. I came across the splendid document that each case of rape reported . . . have become such simplest while it have become public. Many instances had been like that of the lynching which came about in Tunica County, Mississippi.
The Associated Press reporter said, “The large burly brute become lynched due to the fact he had raped the seven- year- old daughter of the sheriff.” I visited the vicinity in a while and noticed the girl, who become a grown girl than seventeen years old.
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They have been charged with killing white guys and 5 with raping white ladies. Nobody on this phase believes the vintage thread- naked lie that black guys attack white ladies. If Southern white guys aren't cautious they may overreach themselves and a end can be drawn so one can be very unfavorable to the ethical popularity in their ladies. This editorial supplied at ultimate the excuse for doing what the white leaders of Memphis had lengthy been looking to do: placed an quit to the Free Speech. . . .
Having misplaced my paper, had a rate placed on my life, and been made an exile from domestic for hinting on the reality, I felt that I owed it to myself and to my race to inform the entire reality now that I turned into in which I ought to accomplish that freely. Accordingly, the fourth week in June, the New York Age had a seven- column article at the the front web page giving names, dates and locations of many lynching's for alleged rape.
This article confirmed conclusively that my editorial within side the Free Speech turned into primarily based totally on information of illicit affiliation among black guys and white ladies. Such relationships among white guys and colored ladies have been notorious, and have been so long as the 2 races had lived collectively within side the South.
The greater I studied the situation, the greater I turned into satisfied that the Southerner had in no way gotten over his resentment that the black man was his plaything, his servant, and his supply of income.
The federal legal guidelines for Negro safety surpassed in the course of Reconstruction have been made a mockery via way of means of the white South in which it had now no longer secured their repeal. This identical white South had secured political manage of its numerous states, and as quickly as white southerners got here into electricity they commenced to make playthings of black lives and property.
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This still didn't appear to be sufficient "to hold the black guy down." Black men's ability to defend themselves was stifled by the lynch law, and persons of color who were gullible enough to accept favors from white women were burned alive. The numerous horrible and unprintable tortures that black rapists of white women endured served as a deterrent to other black persons who might be considering having relationships with consenting white women.
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I discovered that black males were painted as a race of rapists that targeted white women in particular in order to justify these terrible acts to the public.
I discovered that white men who had raped and intermarried with black women to create a race of mulattoes were still engaging in this behavior wherever they could; these same white men also lynched, burned, and tortured black men for engaging in the same behavior with white women, even when the latter were willing victims.
The fact that the entire race was painted as moral monsters and destroyers of white women and youth was certain to strip us of all our friends and put a stop to any potential protestations they may have made for us. For all of these reasons, I felt compelled to inform the world of the information I had gathered.
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About two months following my appearance in the New York Age columns, two black women who were visiting each other discussed my discoveries and agreed that the women of New York and Brooklyn ought to take some action to honor my contributions and denounce the persecution I had endured. . . .
A committee of 250 women was created, and they rallied support in the two cities, culminating in a testimonial held at Lyric Hall on October 5, 1892.
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The elder residents agreed that this testimony was the greatest race woman protest ever made for one of their number. The most prominent black women in Boston and Philadelphia a magnificent array of people who had been asked to participate in this rally showed up, following a lonely, homesick girl who was in exile because she had attempted to uphold the manhood of her race.
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The impact of such great testimonial was immense. First, it marked the start of the club movement among women of color in this nation. The Ladies' Loyal Union, as it was known, was decided to carry on by the women of New York and Brooklyn.
These were the first clubs in different cities that were exclusively for women. The Boston resident Mrs. Ruffin, who attended the testimony, convened a gathering of the ladies at her house to see me, and they went on to form the Woman's Era Club in that city. Mrs. Ruffin had long been a part of the exclusive clubs for white women in Boston, but this was her first attempt to start one for black women.
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Second, that testimonial served as my introduction to public speaking. As I've already stated, I've never given a speech before, but Philadelphia, Wilmington, Delaware, Chester, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. have all extended invitations.
Miss Catherine Impey of Street Somerset, England, was in Philadelphia visiting some Quaker relatives while also attempting to learn as much as she could about the issue of race in our nation. She was concerned in how people of darker races are treated across the world since she was the editor of Anti-Caste, a journal established in England on behalf of Indian nationals. Following that magnificent testimony in New York the previous month came the third fantastic outcome. Following our conversation, Miss Impey extended an offer to visit England, and the global movement to end lynching was launched.
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The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874, expanded to become the largest female organization of the time, with 150,000 members by 1890. Under the guise of "Home Protection," it transitioned from calling for the outlawing of alcoholic beverages—which was blamed for encouraging men to blow their paychecks on booze and abuse their wives—to a complete plan of economic and political change that included the right to vote. The group's president, Frances Willard, said that women ought to stop viewing themselves as "weak" and dependent and engage actively in social reform campaigns.
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In the end, the W. C. T. U.'s objective and goal is to assist in advancing the entry of Christ into all spheres of life. We think that the connection between the New Testament religion and charitable giving, and between the church and society, is a permanent miracle that offers the only effective remedy for the cynicism that is currently prevalent.
The Sun of Righteousness ascends higher into the zenith, warming and illuminating every human endeavor and accomplishment with its healing rays. First of all, in our gospel temperance work, this heavenly light entered the darkness of the person, tempted heart (that smallest circle, in which all others are involved), illuminated its darkness, softened its hardness, and transformed it into a sweet and sunny place, temple filled with the spirit.
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After entering the drinking man's heart in the fullness of his atoning power, Christ moved on to the next, larger circle, which is formed when two people's hearts come together to form a home.
In this circle, He raised the gentle companion, who had thought herself content with being her liege lord's favorite vassal, to an equal level with her husband by revealing her position in His kingdom.
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The statement "There is neither male nor female in Christ Jesus" was the "open sesame," completely at odds with all custom and tradition.
However, the light has shone so steadily and so kindly into man's heart that, without a war of tongues or a decree from a sovereign, it is now coming to pass that, to the extent that any home is truly Christian, the husband and wife are peers in dignity and power.
There are only 50,000 homes in America where women are "revered, beloved," individualized in character and work, and where "her children arise up and call her blessed, her husband also, & he praiseth her" due to her contribution to the work of our W. C. T. U. There are no homes on earth where women are "revered, beloved," & so thoroughly.
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The government is one additional circle of influence that the contemporary temperance movement is quickly filling. This circle of influence is as vast as the widest zone of worldly good or bad. It was born of the gospel of Christ and was nurtured at His altars.
He will carry the government on His shoulders. "A King is handed to us." "He whose right it is shall reign." "Until he has established justice in the earth, he shall not fail or be disheartened." Because of this, "to the glory of God the Father, every knee shall bend at the name of Jesus, and every tongue shall confess that Jesus Christ is Lord."
"Thine kingdom come, thy will be done on earth," is the psalm. Christ will rule—not outwardly, but invisibly; not in form, but in truth; not materially, but spiritually—and the time is drawing near!
Then the law, a lawyer's argument, a witness' testimony, and a judge's ruling will all no longer provide protection for the sale of alcoholic beverages as a drink.
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Is it not apparent that intelligent loyalty to Christ the King would lead each heart that loves Him to feel in duty bound to use all the power it could gather to itself in aiding in the selection of the framers of these more moral laws?
After all, the government is a circle that includes all hearts, homes, churches, and societies. But keep in mind that there are at least two Christian women who have no say at all for every Christian guy who has a voice in formulating and enforcing laws. Therefore, given the current situation, His militant force must always be helpless to prevail in the legislative conflicts that have the greatest impact on the general well-being of humanity.
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But the light gleams already along the sunny hilltops of the grace-filled nineteenth century. Slowly dawns on those who love Him who has filled their hearts with peace and their homes with blessing that they may—nay, better yet, they should ask for power to help forward the coming of their Lord in government to throw the safeguard of their prohibition ballots around those who have left the shelter of their arms only to be entrapped by the saloons that bad men legalize and set up along the streets.
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With the conquest of Puerto Rico and the Philippines as a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States became the ruler of a foreign empire for the first time. Of course, American expansionism has strong roots in the country's history. Many Americans believed in the theory of Manifest Destiny prior to the Civil War.
**%%In 1885, Congregational minister Josiah Strong published Our Country, a work that gained widespread acclaim for its combination of the Social Gospel, %%**a desire, grounded in religious belief, to solve the nation's social problems, and an updated version of manifest destiny, and American expansionism, which was strongly linked to ideas of racial superiority and a Christian missionary impulse. Strong's writings demonstrated how evangelical Christianity might give a solid foundation for American empire.
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What are the implications of such facts? These inclinations encompass the future; they are the powerful alphabet with which God writes his prophecies.
May we not spell out something of his meaning by carefully arranging the letters? It appears to me that God, in his vast knowledge and ability, is preparing the Anglo-Saxon race for a future hour.
Throughout history, there has always been a relatively vacant territory westward into which the congested countries of the East have thrown their surplus populations. However, the spreading waves of migration that swept east and west from the Euphrates Valley millennia ago now meet on our Pacific coast.
There are no new worlds to discover. The earth's undeveloped agricultural areas are limited and will soon be seized.
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The population pressure on the means of subsistence will be felt here soon, just as it is in Europe and Asia. The globe will thereafter enter a new stage in its history, the final race competition, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being prepared.
Long before the thousand million arrive, the powerful centrifugal tendency inherent in this stock and exacerbated by the United States will manifest itself. Then, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it, this race of unrivaled energy, the representative, let us hope, of the greatest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization, having developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind, will spread itself over the world.
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If my reading is correct, this mighty race will descend upon Mexico, Central and South America, the sea islands, Africa, and beyond.
And who can deny that the outcome of this race struggle will be "survival of the fittest"? "Nothing but a ready and pliant assimilation can save the lower race." It is already unclear if the feebler and more destitute races will be regenerated and raised up.
What if it is God's plan to populate the globe with better and finer materials? Whatever expectations we may have, it is certain that there is a massive overpowering surge of power in the Christian nations, which, if the others are not quickly raised, will lead to the end of the world to a much greater extent, will inevitably submerge and bury them forever.
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What are these immense populations of Christendom doing except spreading their colonies on all sides and populating themselves, if I may say so, into the ownership of all countries and climes?" As a result, no extermination war is required; the struggle is one of vitality and culture, not of guns... Some of the stronger races may be able to maintain their integrity; however, in order to compete with the Anglo-Saxon, they will very certainly be forced to adopt his tactics and instruments, as well as his civilization and religion.
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President McKinley's choice to annex the Philippines rather than grant it independence precipitated a protracted and bloody struggle against Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo had served in local government under Spanish authority during the 1890s, but in 1895 he joined the faction that started an armed insurrection for Philippine independence. He was deported in 1897, but returned to the islands in 1898, following the commencement of the Spanish-American War, and declared himself president.
A firm believer in the ideas of the American Declaration of Independence, Aguinaldo was dismayed when McKinley refused to accept the Filipinos' right to self-government.
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McKinley refused to acknowledge the Filipinos' claim to self-government. In an article published in the widely read North American Review in 1899, he articulated his reasons for opposing American imperialism.
He compared American self-government traditions with the rejection to offer the Philippines this opportunity, and reprimanded the US for misunderstandings about the people of the islands. After a conflict that killed over 4,000 American soldiers and 100,000 Filipinos, American sovereignty of the Philippines was not established until 1903. Aguinaldo remained alive until 1964.
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%%We Filipinos have always believed that if the American people realized exactly what is going on in the Philippine Islands on a daily basis, they would rise up and demand an end to this **barbarous war. **%%There are alternative ways to secure sovereignty true and durable sovereignty that is founded in the hearts of the people... And if America recognized this fact, she would no longer be the laughingstock of other civilized nations, as she became when she abandoned her traditions and established a double standard of government: government by consent in America, government by force in the Philippines.
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You've been duped the entire time. You have been terribly misled by my countrymen's personalities. You traveled to the Philippines under the notion that its people were illiterate savages... Your popular press has portrayed us as if we were Africans or Mohawk Indians. We laugh and lament our literary pals' lack of ethnological expertise.
We are none of these things. We're just plain Filipinos... The teaching of the masses has been delayed in the war for liberty that we have ever waged, but we are not an uninformed people as a result. You keep repeating the adage that we can't control ourselves...
With equal reason, you could have said the same thing about Japan fifty or sixty years ago; and a little more than a century ago, it was exceedingly problematic, when you, too, were rebels against the English Government, if you could govern yourselves.
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The conclusion of this story is obvious: Give us a chance; treat us exactly as you asked to be treated by En gland when you revolted against her authoritarian practices.
Now we have a one-of-a-kind spectacle: Filipinos fighting for liberation, and Americans battling to give them liberty. The two peoples are battling for the same thing along parallel lines. We all know that parallel lines never cross. Let us go back in time to find the point where the lines split..
For the interest of humanity, you declared war against Spain. You said to the world that your aim was to liberate Cuba in accordance with your constitutional ideals...
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You formed an alliance with our chiefs in Hong Kong and Singapore, and you offered us your assistance and protection in our attempt to build a government on the ideas and model of the United States government... You forced Spain to surrender by combining your forces with ours...
Joy filled every heart, and everything went smoothly... until... the Government in Washington... began by breaking all pledges made, and concluded by dismissing the Philippine people, their personality and rights, and treating them as a shared enemy. In the sight of the world, you emblazon humanity and liberty on your banner, while tossing your own constitution to the winds and attempting to stomp down and destroy a valiant people whose only goal is to survive.
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Like industrial workers, small farmers in the late nineteenth century faced increasing economic difficulties. Populism's platform of 1892, adopted at the party's convention, remains a classic document of reform. Through the Farmers' Alliance and the People's (or Populist) Party, farmers sought to remedy their condition.
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Corruption dominates the ballot box, the Legislatures, the Congress, and the judiciary. Most of the States have been compelled to isolate the voters at the polling places. The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, public opinion silenced, business prostrated, homes covered with mortgages, labor impoverished, and land concentrating in the hands of capitalists.
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The urban workmen are denied the right to organize for self- protection, imported pauperized labor beats down their wages, a hireling standing army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them down, and they are rapidly degenerating into European conditions. They are denied the right to organize for self-protection, as a hireling standing army is established to shoot them down. The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in the history of mankind.
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A vast conspiracy against mankind has been organized on two continents, and it is rapidly taking possession of the world. The national power to create money is appropriated to enrich usurers, bankrupt enterprise, and enslave industry. Silver, which has been accepted as coin since the dawn of history, has been demonetized to add to the purchasing power of gold.
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We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them.
They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock and the demonetization of silver may all be lost sight of.
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They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution. They want to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for their posterity.
We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.
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We declare that this Republic can only endure as a free government while built upon the love of the whole people for each other and for the nation. We declare that the civil war is over, and that every passion and resentment which grew out of it must die with it. We must be in fact, as we are in name, **one united brotherhood of free men.
Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, with in a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production; the existing currency supply is wholly inadequate to make this exchange; the results are falling prices, the formation of combines and rings, the impoverishment of the producing class.
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If given power we will labor to correct these evils by wise and reasonable legislation, in accordance with the terms of our platform. We believe that the power of government in other words, of the people should be expanded (as in the case of the postal service) as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience shall justify.
Our sympathies as a party of reform are naturally upon the side of every proposition which will tend to make men intelligent, virtuous, and temperate. But we nevertheless regard these questions as secondary to the great issues now pressing for solution. Until every wrong is remedied and equal rights and equal privileges securely established, we ask all men to first help us to determine whether a republic is to be administered.
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United States wealth belongs to him who creates it, and every dollar taken from industry without an equivalent is robbery. We declare that the union of the labor forces of the United States this day consummated shall be permanent and perpetual; may its spirit enter into all hearts for the salvation of the Republic and the uplifting of mankind.
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Farmers' Alliance: All persons engaged in the government service should be placed under a civil service regulation of the most rigid character, so as to prevent the increase of the power of the national administration by the use of additional government employees.
We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and private. We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads.
We demand free and unrestricted silver and gold coinage at the current legal ratio of 16 to 1.
We urge that the amount of circulating medium be increased as soon as possible to at least $50 per capita.
We advocate for a tiered income tax.
We believe that the money of the country should be retained in the hands of the people as much as possible, and thus we demand that all State and national revenues be confined to the required expenses of the government, and that they be administered economically and honestly.
We demand that the government establish postal savings institutions for the safe deposit of people's wages and to promote exchange.
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Transportation, being a means of exchange and a public necessity, should be owned and operated by the government. The telegraph, like the post office system, is a necessity for the transmission of news. The government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people.
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Land, including all the natural sources of wealth, should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. All land now held by railroads and other corporations in excess of their actual needs should be reclaimed by the government and held for actual settlers only.
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Booker T. Washington: Blacks should remain in the South, adjust to segregation, seek white cooperation to improve their economic condition. He promised white southerners that blacks would work happily if given job opportunities in the North. Washington had already won notoriety as head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
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But the speech established Washington as the nation's most prominent black leader. Washington also won support from many blacks, especially businessmen, whose own aspirations coincided with his call for racial economic advancement. It was widely praised by white Americans, North and South, who hoped it marked an end to agitation for equal rights for blacks.
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The black race accounts for one-third of the population in the South. No venture pursuing the material, civil, or moral well-being of this segment of our population can be successful if this segment is ignored. I can only express the sentiments of the masses of my race when I declare that the value and masculinity of the American person of color have been more suitably and generously recognized than by the managers of this magnificent Exposition at every level of its evolution. It is a recognition that will do more to solidify the bond of the two races than any other event since our independence.
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When a ship lost at sea sighted a friendly vessel, the vessel said, "Water, water; we die of thirst." The friendly vessel replied, "Cast down your bucket where you are". The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. Ignorant and inexperienced, it is not strange that in the first years of our new life we began at the top instead of at the bottom. A seat in Congress or the state legislature was more sought than real estate or industrial skill.
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Cast down your bucket where you are, cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom we are surrounded, says former US President George H W Bush. "To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next door neighbor," he says.
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Slavery should be cast down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions of the South. Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands. We shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor, and put brains and skill into the common occupations of life. In the South it is in the South that the person of color is given a man's chance in the commercial world. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities.
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To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, Cast down your bucket where you are. Cast it down among the eight millions of people of color whose habits you know.
Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, built your railroads and cities, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South.
They will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields and run your factories. You will help and encourage them as you are doing on these grounds, and to education of head, hand, and heart, you will fi nd that they will pay your bills and give you their surplus land.
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While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours shall make the interests of both races one.
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The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremes folly. Progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar at an opera-house.
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The most powerful critique of Washington's program came from the pen of W. E. B. Du Bois. The black educator and activist was born during Reconstruction and died on the eve of the March on Washington of 1963. His life spanned the modern history of the civil rights movement.
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In The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois sought to revive the tradition of agitation for basic civil, political, and educational rights. He would go on to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. As the editor of its monthly publication, The Crisis, he would continue to issue calls for full black participation in American public life.
Du Bois would go on to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and, as the editor of its monthly publication, The Crisis, would continue to issue calls for full black participation in American public life, as well as link the black struggle in this country with the movement for in dependence for Eu rope's African colonies.
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The ascension of Mr. Booker T. Washington is easily the most notable event in the history of the American person of color since 1876. It began at a time when wartime memories and aspirations were quickly fading; A day of astounding commercial development was approaching; a sense of
The freedmen's sons were overcome with doubt and trepidation, and it was then when that he began to lead Mr. Washington arrived with a clear directive. Program, at a psychological time when the country was a little embarrassed to have bestowed so much sentiment on black people,
and was focusing its efforts on Dollars.
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His program of industrial education, conciliation with the South, and submission and silence on civil and political rights was not entirely original; free people of color had worked to build industrial schools from 1830 until the war, and the American Missionary Association had taught various trades from the beginning, and Price and others had sought an honorable alliance with the best of the Southerners.
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But it was Mr. Washington who first inextricably linked these things; he invested his program with zeal, boundless energy, and unwavering faith, transforming it from a side road into a true Way of Life. And the story of how he accomplished this is a fascinating study of human life. It astonished the nation to hear a person of color espousing such a policy after many decades of angry complaint; it startled and gained the South's praise, it interested and won the North's admiration, and it silenced if it did not convert the people of color themselves.
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At the time Tuskegee was founded, for a black man, well nigh impossible. And yet ten years later it was done in the word spoken at Atlanta: "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers". This "Atlanta Compromise" is by all odds the most notable thing in Mr. Washington's career. So both approved it, and to- day its author is certainly the most distinguished Southerner since Jefferson Davis, and the one with the largest personal following. . . .
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The time has come to speak candidly and courteously about Mr. Washington's failures and shortcomings, as well as his successes... This is a period of unusual economic development, and Mr. Washington's program inevitably takes on an economic tone, becoming a gospel of Work and Money to the point that it appears to have almost totally eclipsed the higher goals of life... The reaction to wartime sentiment has fueled race prejudice against persons of color, and Mr. Washington withdraws many of the lofty standards of people of color as men and American citizens.
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All people of color's tendency to self-affirmation has been highlighted during other times of increased prejudice; During this time, a submission policy is advocated. Manly self-respect is worth more than lands and houses, and a people who voluntarily surrender such respect or cease striving for it are not worth civilizing, has been the doctrine preached at such crises in the history of nearly all other races.
Mr. Washington specifically requests that black people concentrate all of their efforts on industrial education, the accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South at least for the time being instead of giving up three things: political power, insisting on civil rights, and higher education for black youth.
Over the past fifteen years, this policy has been courageously and insistently advocated, and it has been successful for perhaps ten years. What has transpired as a result of this palm branch's tenderness?
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The emancipation of people of color.
The legislative establishment of a special civil inferiority position for persons of color.
The continual removal of funds from institutes for black people's higher education. These trends are not, to be true, direct outcomes of Mr. Washington's beliefs; yet, his propaganda has undeniably aided in their hastening. The question then becomes: Is it possible and likely that nine million men can produce successful economic advancement if they are denied political rights, reduced to a servile caste, and given only the most limited opportunities to develop their remarkable abilities? If history and logic provide a clear response to these concerns, it is unequivocal. No blacks are unlikely to inquire this nation of three things.
The ability to vote.
Equality in civic life.
Ability-based education for youth... People of color must consistently stress, in season and out of season, that voting is essential to contemporary manhood, that color prejudice is barbarism, and that black boys, like white boys, require education.
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We must work toward the rights that society accords to people using all civilized and nonviolent means while clinging tenaciously to those lofty ideals that the sons of the Fathers would do well to forget, such as: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
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Racial segregation changed into most effective one a part of a complete machine of racial inequality that changed into firmly placed into region at some stage in the 1890s. Blacks who sought to project the machine or who refused to just accept the demeaning remedy that changed into a each day function of southern existence confronted now no longer most effective overwhelming political and criminal strength however additionally the danger of violent reprisal.
In each year among 1883 and 1905, greater than fifty people, the great majority of them black men, had been lynched within side the South that is, murdered via way of means of a mob. Lynching endured nicely into the 20th century. Many sufferers of lynching's had been accused after their deaths of getting raped a white woman. Many white southerners taken into consideration retaining the purity of white womanhood a justification for extralegal vengeance.
Yet, in almost all cases, as Ida B. Wells argued in a newspaper editorial after a Memphis lynching in 1892, the fee of rape changed into a “naked lie.”
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Wells, a slave who was born in Mississippi in 1862, went on to become a teacher and an editor. While she was away from the city, a mob destroyed her newspaper, the Memphis Free Press, because of her piece denouncing the killing of three black men in Memphis. Wells stayed in the North, where she rose to prominence as the country's top lynching abolitionist. Wells wrote about the Memphis lynching and the start of the anti-lynching campaign in her autobiography, which wasn't released until 1970.
**
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As I continued to work on my newspaper in this manner, the Memphis lynching occurred, which completely altered the path of my life.
In a densely crowded suburb, Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Henry Stewart ran a grocery shop. A white guy who had previously had a stranglehold on the commerce of this densely populated, predominantly colored suburb already owned and managed a food store. All of that changed when Thomas opened his grocery store, and the white proprietor made him and his friends feel unwelcome. 2. Line 11 - 23:
One day a few colored and white boys quarreled over a recreation of marbles and the colored boys were given the higher of the combat which followed. . . . Then the mission became issued that the vanquished whites had been approaching Saturday night time to smooth out [Thomas’s] Colored People’s Grocery Company. . . .
Accordingly the grocery enterprise armed numerous guys and stationed them within side the rear of the shop on that deadly Saturday night time, now no longer to assault however repel a threatened assault. . . . The guys stationed there had visible numerous white guys stealing through the rear door and fired on them with out a moment’s pause. Three of those guys had been wounded, and others fled and gave the alarm. . . .
Over one hundred colored guys had been dragged from their houses and installed prison on suspicion. All day lengthy on that fateful Sunday white guys had been authorized within side the prison to appearance over the imprisoned black guys. . . . The mob took out in their cells Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Henry Stewart, the 3 officers of the People’s Grocery Company.
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The mob took ownership of the People’s Grocery Company, supporting themselves to meals and drink, and destroyed what they couldn't devour or steal. The lenders had the region closed and some days later what remained of the inventory become offered at auction. Thus, with the useful resource of town and county government and the day by day papers, that white grocer had certainly positioned an give up to his rival black grocer in addition to to his business. . . .
Like many any other man or woman who had examine of lynching’s within side the South, I had usual the concept intended to be conveyed that even though lynching become abnormal and opposite to regulation and order, unreasoning anger over the horrible crime of rape caused the lynching; that possibly the brute deserved dying in any case and the mob become justified in taking his life. 3. Line 18 - 32:
I then started out an research of each lynching I examine about. I came across the splendid document that each case of rape reported . . . have become such simplest while it have become public. Many instances had been like that of the lynching which came about in Tunica County, Mississippi.
The Associated Press reporter said, “The large burly brute become lynched due to the fact he had raped the seven- year- old daughter of the sheriff.” I visited the vicinity in a while and noticed the girl, who become a grown girl than seventeen years old.
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They have been charged with killing white guys and 5 with raping white ladies. Nobody on this phase believes the vintage thread- naked lie that black guys attack white ladies. If Southern white guys aren't cautious they may overreach themselves and a end can be drawn so one can be very unfavorable to the ethical popularity in their ladies. This editorial supplied at ultimate the excuse for doing what the white leaders of Memphis had lengthy been looking to do: placed an quit to the Free Speech. . . .
Having misplaced my paper, had a rate placed on my life, and been made an exile from domestic for hinting on the reality, I felt that I owed it to myself and to my race to inform the entire reality now that I turned into in which I ought to accomplish that freely. Accordingly, the fourth week in June, the New York Age had a seven- column article at the the front web page giving names, dates and locations of many lynching's for alleged rape.
This article confirmed conclusively that my editorial within side the Free Speech turned into primarily based totally on information of illicit affiliation among black guys and white ladies. Such relationships among white guys and colored ladies have been notorious, and have been so long as the 2 races had lived collectively within side the South.
The greater I studied the situation, the greater I turned into satisfied that the Southerner had in no way gotten over his resentment that the black man was his plaything, his servant, and his supply of income.
The federal legal guidelines for Negro safety surpassed in the course of Reconstruction have been made a mockery via way of means of the white South in which it had now no longer secured their repeal. This identical white South had secured political manage of its numerous states, and as quickly as white southerners got here into electricity they commenced to make playthings of black lives and property.
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This still didn't appear to be sufficient "to hold the black guy down." Black men's ability to defend themselves was stifled by the lynch law, and persons of color who were gullible enough to accept favors from white women were burned alive. The numerous horrible and unprintable tortures that black rapists of white women endured served as a deterrent to other black persons who might be considering having relationships with consenting white women.
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I discovered that black males were painted as a race of rapists that targeted white women in particular in order to justify these terrible acts to the public.
I discovered that white men who had raped and intermarried with black women to create a race of mulattoes were still engaging in this behavior wherever they could; these same white men also lynched, burned, and tortured black men for engaging in the same behavior with white women, even when the latter were willing victims.
The fact that the entire race was painted as moral monsters and destroyers of white women and youth was certain to strip us of all our friends and put a stop to any potential protestations they may have made for us. For all of these reasons, I felt compelled to inform the world of the information I had gathered.
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About two months following my appearance in the New York Age columns, two black women who were visiting each other discussed my discoveries and agreed that the women of New York and Brooklyn ought to take some action to honor my contributions and denounce the persecution I had endured. . . .
A committee of 250 women was created, and they rallied support in the two cities, culminating in a testimonial held at Lyric Hall on October 5, 1892.
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The elder residents agreed that this testimony was the greatest race woman protest ever made for one of their number. The most prominent black women in Boston and Philadelphia a magnificent array of people who had been asked to participate in this rally showed up, following a lonely, homesick girl who was in exile because she had attempted to uphold the manhood of her race.
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The impact of such great testimonial was immense. First, it marked the start of the club movement among women of color in this nation. The Ladies' Loyal Union, as it was known, was decided to carry on by the women of New York and Brooklyn.
These were the first clubs in different cities that were exclusively for women. The Boston resident Mrs. Ruffin, who attended the testimony, convened a gathering of the ladies at her house to see me, and they went on to form the Woman's Era Club in that city. Mrs. Ruffin had long been a part of the exclusive clubs for white women in Boston, but this was her first attempt to start one for black women.
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Second, that testimonial served as my introduction to public speaking. As I've already stated, I've never given a speech before, but Philadelphia, Wilmington, Delaware, Chester, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C. have all extended invitations.
Miss Catherine Impey of Street Somerset, England, was in Philadelphia visiting some Quaker relatives while also attempting to learn as much as she could about the issue of race in our nation. She was concerned in how people of darker races are treated across the world since she was the editor of Anti-Caste, a journal established in England on behalf of Indian nationals. Following that magnificent testimony in New York the previous month came the third fantastic outcome. Following our conversation, Miss Impey extended an offer to visit England, and the global movement to end lynching was launched.
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The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874, expanded to become the largest female organization of the time, with 150,000 members by 1890. Under the guise of "Home Protection," it transitioned from calling for the outlawing of alcoholic beverages—which was blamed for encouraging men to blow their paychecks on booze and abuse their wives—to a complete plan of economic and political change that included the right to vote. The group's president, Frances Willard, said that women ought to stop viewing themselves as "weak" and dependent and engage actively in social reform campaigns.
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In the end, the W. C. T. U.'s objective and goal is to assist in advancing the entry of Christ into all spheres of life. We think that the connection between the New Testament religion and charitable giving, and between the church and society, is a permanent miracle that offers the only effective remedy for the cynicism that is currently prevalent.
The Sun of Righteousness ascends higher into the zenith, warming and illuminating every human endeavor and accomplishment with its healing rays. First of all, in our gospel temperance work, this heavenly light entered the darkness of the person, tempted heart (that smallest circle, in which all others are involved), illuminated its darkness, softened its hardness, and transformed it into a sweet and sunny place, temple filled with the spirit.
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After entering the drinking man's heart in the fullness of his atoning power, Christ moved on to the next, larger circle, which is formed when two people's hearts come together to form a home.
In this circle, He raised the gentle companion, who had thought herself content with being her liege lord's favorite vassal, to an equal level with her husband by revealing her position in His kingdom.
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The statement "There is neither male nor female in Christ Jesus" was the "open sesame," completely at odds with all custom and tradition.
However, the light has shone so steadily and so kindly into man's heart that, without a war of tongues or a decree from a sovereign, it is now coming to pass that, to the extent that any home is truly Christian, the husband and wife are peers in dignity and power.
There are only 50,000 homes in America where women are "revered, beloved," individualized in character and work, and where "her children arise up and call her blessed, her husband also, & he praiseth her" due to her contribution to the work of our W. C. T. U. There are no homes on earth where women are "revered, beloved," & so thoroughly.
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The government is one additional circle of influence that the contemporary temperance movement is quickly filling. This circle of influence is as vast as the widest zone of worldly good or bad. It was born of the gospel of Christ and was nurtured at His altars.
He will carry the government on His shoulders. "A King is handed to us." "He whose right it is shall reign." "Until he has established justice in the earth, he shall not fail or be disheartened." Because of this, "to the glory of God the Father, every knee shall bend at the name of Jesus, and every tongue shall confess that Jesus Christ is Lord."
"Thine kingdom come, thy will be done on earth," is the psalm. Christ will rule—not outwardly, but invisibly; not in form, but in truth; not materially, but spiritually—and the time is drawing near!
Then the law, a lawyer's argument, a witness' testimony, and a judge's ruling will all no longer provide protection for the sale of alcoholic beverages as a drink.
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Is it not apparent that intelligent loyalty to Christ the King would lead each heart that loves Him to feel in duty bound to use all the power it could gather to itself in aiding in the selection of the framers of these more moral laws?
After all, the government is a circle that includes all hearts, homes, churches, and societies. But keep in mind that there are at least two Christian women who have no say at all for every Christian guy who has a voice in formulating and enforcing laws. Therefore, given the current situation, His militant force must always be helpless to prevail in the legislative conflicts that have the greatest impact on the general well-being of humanity.
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But the light gleams already along the sunny hilltops of the grace-filled nineteenth century. Slowly dawns on those who love Him who has filled their hearts with peace and their homes with blessing that they may—nay, better yet, they should ask for power to help forward the coming of their Lord in government to throw the safeguard of their prohibition ballots around those who have left the shelter of their arms only to be entrapped by the saloons that bad men legalize and set up along the streets.
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With the conquest of Puerto Rico and the Philippines as a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States became the ruler of a foreign empire for the first time. Of course, American expansionism has strong roots in the country's history. Many Americans believed in the theory of Manifest Destiny prior to the Civil War.
**%%In 1885, Congregational minister Josiah Strong published Our Country, a work that gained widespread acclaim for its combination of the Social Gospel, %%**a desire, grounded in religious belief, to solve the nation's social problems, and an updated version of manifest destiny, and American expansionism, which was strongly linked to ideas of racial superiority and a Christian missionary impulse. Strong's writings demonstrated how evangelical Christianity might give a solid foundation for American empire.
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What are the implications of such facts? These inclinations encompass the future; they are the powerful alphabet with which God writes his prophecies.
May we not spell out something of his meaning by carefully arranging the letters? It appears to me that God, in his vast knowledge and ability, is preparing the Anglo-Saxon race for a future hour.
Throughout history, there has always been a relatively vacant territory westward into which the congested countries of the East have thrown their surplus populations. However, the spreading waves of migration that swept east and west from the Euphrates Valley millennia ago now meet on our Pacific coast.
There are no new worlds to discover. The earth's undeveloped agricultural areas are limited and will soon be seized.
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The population pressure on the means of subsistence will be felt here soon, just as it is in Europe and Asia. The globe will thereafter enter a new stage in its history, the final race competition, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being prepared.
Long before the thousand million arrive, the powerful centrifugal tendency inherent in this stock and exacerbated by the United States will manifest itself. Then, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it, this race of unrivaled energy, the representative, let us hope, of the greatest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization, having developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind, will spread itself over the world.
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If my reading is correct, this mighty race will descend upon Mexico, Central and South America, the sea islands, Africa, and beyond.
And who can deny that the outcome of this race struggle will be "survival of the fittest"? "Nothing but a ready and pliant assimilation can save the lower race." It is already unclear if the feebler and more destitute races will be regenerated and raised up.
What if it is God's plan to populate the globe with better and finer materials? Whatever expectations we may have, it is certain that there is a massive overpowering surge of power in the Christian nations, which, if the others are not quickly raised, will lead to the end of the world to a much greater extent, will inevitably submerge and bury them forever.
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What are these immense populations of Christendom doing except spreading their colonies on all sides and populating themselves, if I may say so, into the ownership of all countries and climes?" As a result, no extermination war is required; the struggle is one of vitality and culture, not of guns... Some of the stronger races may be able to maintain their integrity; however, in order to compete with the Anglo-Saxon, they will very certainly be forced to adopt his tactics and instruments, as well as his civilization and religion.
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President McKinley's choice to annex the Philippines rather than grant it independence precipitated a protracted and bloody struggle against Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo had served in local government under Spanish authority during the 1890s, but in 1895 he joined the faction that started an armed insurrection for Philippine independence. He was deported in 1897, but returned to the islands in 1898, following the commencement of the Spanish-American War, and declared himself president.
A firm believer in the ideas of the American Declaration of Independence, Aguinaldo was dismayed when McKinley refused to accept the Filipinos' right to self-government.
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McKinley refused to acknowledge the Filipinos' claim to self-government. In an article published in the widely read North American Review in 1899, he articulated his reasons for opposing American imperialism.
He compared American self-government traditions with the rejection to offer the Philippines this opportunity, and reprimanded the US for misunderstandings about the people of the islands. After a conflict that killed over 4,000 American soldiers and 100,000 Filipinos, American sovereignty of the Philippines was not established until 1903. Aguinaldo remained alive until 1964.
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%%We Filipinos have always believed that if the American people realized exactly what is going on in the Philippine Islands on a daily basis, they would rise up and demand an end to this **barbarous war. **%%There are alternative ways to secure sovereignty true and durable sovereignty that is founded in the hearts of the people... And if America recognized this fact, she would no longer be the laughingstock of other civilized nations, as she became when she abandoned her traditions and established a double standard of government: government by consent in America, government by force in the Philippines.
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You've been duped the entire time. You have been terribly misled by my countrymen's personalities. You traveled to the Philippines under the notion that its people were illiterate savages... Your popular press has portrayed us as if we were Africans or Mohawk Indians. We laugh and lament our literary pals' lack of ethnological expertise.
We are none of these things. We're just plain Filipinos... The teaching of the masses has been delayed in the war for liberty that we have ever waged, but we are not an uninformed people as a result. You keep repeating the adage that we can't control ourselves...
With equal reason, you could have said the same thing about Japan fifty or sixty years ago; and a little more than a century ago, it was exceedingly problematic, when you, too, were rebels against the English Government, if you could govern yourselves.
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The conclusion of this story is obvious: Give us a chance; treat us exactly as you asked to be treated by En gland when you revolted against her authoritarian practices.
Now we have a one-of-a-kind spectacle: Filipinos fighting for liberation, and Americans battling to give them liberty. The two peoples are battling for the same thing along parallel lines. We all know that parallel lines never cross. Let us go back in time to find the point where the lines split..
For the interest of humanity, you declared war against Spain. You said to the world that your aim was to liberate Cuba in accordance with your constitutional ideals...
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You formed an alliance with our chiefs in Hong Kong and Singapore, and you offered us your assistance and protection in our attempt to build a government on the ideas and model of the United States government... You forced Spain to surrender by combining your forces with ours...
Joy filled every heart, and everything went smoothly... until... the Government in Washington... began by breaking all pledges made, and concluded by dismissing the Philippine people, their personality and rights, and treating them as a shared enemy. In the sight of the world, you emblazon humanity and liberty on your banner, while tossing your own constitution to the winds and attempting to stomp down and destroy a valiant people whose only goal is to survive.
