Oral Com 11: Communication Strategies and Communication Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

• PEOPLE COMMUNICATE TO:
  • maintain and establish relationship
  • Find meaning in what they do daily
  • know oneself
• HUMANS ARE KNOWN TO CREATING SKILLS AND SUSTAINING MEANINGFUL CONVERSATIONS

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Successful communication requires understanding, but sometimes we encounter problems because of different factors.

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COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

Strategies that language learners use to overcome communication problems in order for them to convey their intended meaning.

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Communicative Strategies must be used to start and keep conversation going.

(Cohen 1990)

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Nomination

• Proposing or suggesting a topic with the people you are talking to. 
• You are offering them something to talk about. 
• Beginning or opening a discussion.
• This could also be in a form of question.

RESTRICTION

• Limiting the topic or subject in conversation.
• Happens when the person wants to focus on a certain aspect of the issue or topic being discussed due to some limiting factors. \n

TURN-TAKING

• Process by which people decide who will take the conversational floor.
• Allowing appropriate opportunities for others to talk.
• Manner in which an orderly conversation normally takes place.

TURN-TAKING STRATEGIES

• Speak, then ask
• Use conjunctions
• Avoid interruptions
• Consider fluency over accuracy

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TOPIC CONTROL

• Regulating or manipulating the topic of the conversation and how long we want the other person may talk
• Done if we want to get specific information from a conversation

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TOPIC SHIFTING

• Changing the subject in a conversation, moving from one topic to another.

• Done without announcing the change of the topic and keeps the communication 

• Going and makes it interesting.

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REPAIR

• Refers to the correction by speaker of a misunderstood utterance.

• How the speaker address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.

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4 VARIETIES OF REPAIR SEQUENCE

^^Self-initiated^^

^^Self-repair^^

• Both initiated and carried out by the speaker.

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^^Other-initiated^^

^^Self-repair^^

• Initiated by the recipient, repair is carried out by the speaker.

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^^Self-initiated^^

^^Other-repair^^

• Speaker initiates the receiver to repair the trouble

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^^Other-initiated^^

^^Other- repair^^

• The receiver initiates and carries out of the trouble.

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TERMINATION

• Ending the conversation or closing up a discussion
• Refers to the conversation participants’ close initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.

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COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

1. Be a positive thinker- Positivity welcomes good vibes.
2. Use appropriate language- Know when, where and how to use appropriate words.
3. Give and accept feedback- Keep an open mind for feedback for there is always room for improvement.

\n 7C’s of Effective Communication by Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012)

1. ==Completeness==- complete information is needed before sending a message. Learn how to answer WH-questions. You, as a speaker, should include everything that the receiver needs to hear, respond, or evaluate properly . You should be able to convey all important details so as your listener or audience will be able to grasp your intended message

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2. ==Conciseness==- message is direct to the point. You as a speaker, should say your message directly or straight to the point and should be expressed in the least possible number or words. You should not include irrelevant information.

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3. ==Consideration==: You as a speaker, should give high regard and courtesy to your audience’s background information such as their culture, education, religion, status, mood, feelings, and needs.

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4. ==Concreteness==: You as a speaker, should make certain that your message is backed up by facts, figures, and real life examples or situations.

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5. ==Courtesy==: You as a speaker, should show respect to your receivers through understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. You must choose your words carefully to avoid offending your audience. Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe and healthy communication with the audience.

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6. ==Clearness==: You as a speaker, should use simple and clear words to express your ideas. Avoid double meanings so as not to confuse your Audience.

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7. ==Correctness==: You as a speaker, should avoid grammatically wrong statements to show credibility and effectiveness of the message.

\n COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN (by Ghaleb Rabab’ah)

A. Avoidance Strategies

1. Topic Avoidance: Learners try not to talk about the concepts which they find difficult to express.
2. Message abandonment: It refers to leaving the message unfinished due to lack of a structural or linguistic item.

B. Achievement Strategies

1. Circumlocution/ paraphrase: Describing or explaining the meaning, or the function of the target expression.

2. Word Coinage: Creating a word thinking that it might work.

3. Foreignizing: Trying out a word but adjusting it slightly phonologically or morphologically.

4. Topic-Shift: Shifting from one topic to another

5. All Purpose Words: Words used to fill in the gap. These words are over used.

6. Use of Non- Verbal Means: The use of non-linguistic resources such as mine, gestures, facial expression, and sound imitation to help the learners/ speaker express the meaning.

7. Appeal for help: It means asking the interlocutor for help

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