bio 8.1-8.2

ou said:

Make a study guide for biology science 30. Genetics, cardiovascular systems, immune system,

ChatGPT said:

Here’s a compact Biology 30 Study Guide (based on Alberta’s Science 30 curriculum), focusing on Genetics, Cardiovascular System, and the Immune System. Let me know if you want diagrams or practice questions too!

SCIENCE 30 – BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

1. GENETICS

Mendelian Genetics

• Alleles: Different forms of a gene (dominant vs. recessive)

• Homozygous: Same alleles (AA or aa)

• Heterozygous: Different alleles (Aa)

• Genotype vs. Phenotype:

  • Genotype: Genetic makeup (Aa, aa, etc.)

  • Phenotype: Physical expression (e.g., brown eyes)

• Punnett Squares: Used to predict offspring genotypes/phenotypes

Complex Inheritance

• Incomplete dominance: Blending (red + white = pink)

• Codominance: Both alleles show (AB blood type)

• Polygenic traits: Traits controlled by multiple genes (e.g., skin color)

DNA & Protein Synthesis

• DNA: Double helix made of nucleotides (A-T, C-G)

• Transcription: DNA → mRNA (in nucleus)

• Translation: mRNA → protein (in ribosome)

• Mutations: Changes in DNA that can be harmful, helpful, or neutral

Biotechnology

• Genetic engineering: Inserting genes into organisms (e.g., insulin-producing bacteria)

• Cloning & PCR: Copying genes or whole organisms

• Ethics: Consider societal, environmental, and health impacts

2. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Heart Anatomy

• 4 chambers: Right/Left Atrium, Right/Left Ventricle

• Valves: Prevent backflow (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral, semilunar valves)

Circulatory Pathways

• Pulmonary circulation: Heart → lungs → heart

• Systemic circulation: Heart → body → heart

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry blood away from heart (usually oxygenated)

• Veins: Carry blood to heart (usually deoxygenated)

• Capillaries: Tiny vessels for gas/nutrient exchange

Blood Components

• Red blood cells: Carry oxygen (hemoglobin)

• White blood cells: Immune defense

• Platelets: Help blood clot

• Plasma: Liquid portion

Blood Pressure & Heart Rate

• Systolic (contraction) / Diastolic (relaxation) pressures

• Affected by activity, stress, health, etc.

3. IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lines of Defense

• 1st Line: Physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucus, stomach acid)

• 2nd Line: Inflammatory response (phagocytes, fever)

• 3rd Line: Specific immunity (lymphocytes)

Cells Involved

• Phagocytes: Engulf pathogens

• Lymphocytes:

  • B cells: Produce antibodies

  • T cells: Kill infected cells (Helper T and Killer T cells)

Immunity Types

• Active Immunity: Body makes its own antibodies (from infection or vaccine)

• Passive Immunity: Antibodies given to you (e.g., breast milk, injection)

Vaccines

• Contain weakened/dead pathogens to stimulate immune memory

Disorders

• Autoimmune: Immune system attacks own cells (e.g., lupus)

• Allergies: Overreaction to harmless substances

• HIV/AIDS: Virus destroys helper T cells

Want flashcards, practice problems, or quiz-style questions next?

4o

You said:

Make it more in depth

ChatGPT said:

Updated saved memory

Absolutely! Here's a more in-depth Biology 30 Study Guide based on the Genetics, Cardiovascular System, and Immune System units, aligned with Alberta’s Science 30 curriculum. You’ll find clear explanations, key terms, and extra detail to deepen your understanding.

SCIENCE 30 – BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE (IN-DEPTH)

UNIT 1: GENETICS & BIOTECHNOLOGY

1.1 Mendelian & Non-Mendelian Inheritance

• Gene: A segment of DNA coding for a protein/trait.

• Alleles: Alternate forms of a gene (e.g., B vs. b for eye color).

• Dominant allele: Expressed if present (B).

• Recessive allele: Only expressed if homozygous (bb).

• Homozygous: Two identical alleles (BB or bb).

• Heterozygous: Two different alleles (Bb).

• Genotype: Allele combination (BB, Bb, bb).

• Phenotype: Observable traits (e.g., brown or blue eyes).

Non-Mendelian Patterns

• Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous genotype results in blended phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink flowers).

• Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed (e.g., AB blood type).

• Polygenic Inheritance: Traits controlled by multiple genes (e.g., height, skin color) – show continuous variation.

• Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles for a gene (e.g., ABO blood groups: IA, IB, i).

1.2 DNA Structure & Replication

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Double-helix structure made of nucleotides.

  • Nucleotides: Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G).

  • Base pairing: A–T, C–G (complementary base pairing).

• DNA Replication:

  • Semi-conservative (each new strand has one original + one new strand).

  • Involves enzymes like DNA helicase and DNA polymerase.

1.3 Protein Synthesis

• Transcription (in nucleus):

  • DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

  • RNA bases: A–U (instead of T), C–G.

• Translation (in cytoplasm/ribosome):

  • mRNA codons (3-base sequences) are translated into amino acids by tRNA.

  • Amino acids link to form polypeptides → functional proteins.

1.4 Mutations

• Types: Substitution, insertion, deletion.

• Effects:

  • Silent (no change in protein),

  • Missense (changes amino acid),

  • Nonsense (premature stop).

• Causes: Radiation, chemicals, viruses.

1.5 Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

• Recombinant DNA: Inserting a gene from one organism into another.

• Examples: Insulin production, GMO crops.

• Cloning: Producing identical copies of cells/organisms.

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA sequences.

• Ethical Issues: Gene editing (CRISPR), designer babies, GMOs, cloning.

UNIT 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2.1 Heart Anatomy & Function

• Heart Chambers:

  • Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cava.

  • Right ventricle: pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary artery.

  • Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs.

  • Left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to body via aorta.

• Valves: Tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral, pulmonary, aortic – ensure one-way flow.

2.2 Circulation Pathways

• Pulmonary Circulation: Right side of heart → lungs → left atrium.

• Systemic Circulation: Left side of heart → body tissues → right atrium.

• Coronary Circulation: Supplies heart muscle with blood.

2.3 Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Thick-walled, carry blood away from heart, high pressure.

• Veins: Thinner walls, valves, carry blood to heart, low pressure.

• Capillaries: One-cell thick; site of gas/nutrient/waste exchange.

2.4 Blood Components

• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen via hemoglobin.

• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Immune response.

• Platelets (Thrombocytes): Blood clotting.

• Plasma: Liquid matrix carrying cells, nutrients, hormones.

2.5 Blood Pressure & Heart Rate

• Systolic Pressure: Pressure during ventricular contraction.

• Diastolic Pressure: Pressure during relaxation.

• Normal BP: ~120/80 mmHg.

• Heart Rate: Controlled by medulla oblongata, affected by stress, hormones, fitness.

2.6 Cardiovascular Health

• Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries.

• Hypertension: High blood pressure.

• Heart attack: Blocked coronary artery.

• Lifestyle factors: Exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol use.

UNIT 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM

3.1 Lines of Defense

• First Line: Non-specific barriers (skin, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid).

• Second Line: Non-specific internal defenses:

  • Phagocytes: Engulf pathogens.

  • Inflammation: Increased blood flow, heat, swelling to isolate damage.

  • Fever: Raises body temp to slow pathogens.

3.2 Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

• Third Line:

  • B cells (humoral immunity):

    • Produce antibodies to neutralize antigens.

    • Memory B cells provide long-term immunity.

  • T cells (cell-mediated immunity):

    • Helper T cells: Activate B and T cells.

    • Killer T cells: Destroy infected cells.

    • Suppressor T cells: Regulate immune response.

3.3 Antibodies & Antigens

• Antigen: Foreign substance triggering immune response.

• Antibody: Protein produced by B cells to bind specific antigens.

3.4 Immunity Types

• Active Immunity:

  • Natural (exposure to disease) or artificial (vaccination).

• Passive Immunity:

  • Temporary; from external source (e.g., maternal antibodies, antibody injection).

3.5 Vaccination

• Introduces weakened/dead pathogens to stimulate immune memory.

• Creates quicker, stronger response upon re-exposure.

3.6 Immune Disorders

• Autoimmune diseases: Immune system attacks body (e.g., MS, lupus).

• Allergies: Overreaction to non-harmful substances.

• Immunodeficiency: Weakened response (e.g., HIV/AIDS destroys helper T cells).

Would you like:

• Diagrams or labeled illustrations?

• Practice questions or quiz formats?

• Flashcards or summary sheets?

Let me know how you study best and I’ll tailor it!

4o

You said:

what blood has the most and least etc. like red blood cells, white bloods cells, plasma, platelets

ChatGPT said:

Great question! Here's a breakdown of the relative abundance of the components of blood, from most to least:

Blood Components by Quantity (Most to Least)

1. Plasma – ~55% of total blood volume

• Main component of blood

• A yellowish liquid that carries:

  • Water (90-92%)

  • Electrolytes (salts)

  • Proteins (albumin, antibodies, clotting factors)

  • Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids)

  • Hormones, waste products (urea, CO₂), gases

2. Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes) – ~44% of blood volume

• Most numerous of the cellular components

• Function: Carry oxygen (via hemoglobin) and carbon dioxide

• No nucleus (in mature human RBCs)

• Lifespan: ~120 days

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) – <1% of blood volume

• Fragments of cells involved in blood clotting

• Form a "plug" and help activate clotting cascades

• Lifespan: ~7–10 days

4. White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes) – <1% of blood volume

• Least numerous of all blood cells, but very important

• Defend against infection (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)

• Types:

  • Neutrophils (most common)

  • Lymphocytes (B & T cells)

  • Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Quick Comparison Table

Let me know if you want a labeled diagram or a quiz question on this!

4o

You said:

How do I do pedigree stuff

ChatGPT said:

Pedigree charts are tools used to track inheritance of traits across generations in a family. They’re especially useful for figuring out whether a trait is dominant or recessive, and who might be carriers of genetic conditions.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you read and analyze pedigrees like a pro:

1. Understanding Pedigree Symbols

2. Determine Mode of Inheritance

A. Autosomal Dominant

• Trait shows up in every generation

• Affected individuals usually have at least one affected parent

• Equal chance in males and females

• No carriers (heterozygotes are affected)

Genotype Example:

• AA or Aa = affected

• aa = unaffected

B. Autosomal Recessive

• Trait can skip generations

• Affected individuals often have unaffected carrier parents

• Equal chance in males and females

• Carriers exist (heterozygous Aa)

Genotype Example:

• AA = unaffected

• Aa = unaffected carrier

• aa = affected

C. X-Linked Recessive

• More common in males

• Passed from carrier mother to son

• Affected fathers do not pass to sons (because sons get Y from dad)

• Females can be carriers, but need two copies to be affected

Genotype Example:

• XᴺXᴺ = normal female

• XᴺXʳ = carrier female

• XʳXʳ = affected female (rare)

• XᴺY = normal male

• XʳY = affected male

3. How to Analyze a Pedigree

Step-by-Step:

1. Label each person’s genotype if possible:

   • Use known traits (affected/unaffected) to infer genotypes.

2. Work from knowns to unknowns:

   • If you know someone is affected with a recessive trait, they must be homozygous recessive (aa).

   • Use parents and children to deduce whether others are carriers.

3. Check patterns across generations:

   • Does it skip generations? Likely recessive.

   • Is it mostly males? Consider X-linked.

   • Do all affected have an affected parent? Likely dominant.

4. Practice Example (Autosomal Recessive)

Imagine a pedigree where:

• Parents (both unaffected) have a child who is affected.

You can conclude:

• Both parents must be carriers (Aa).

• The child is aa.

Would you like a sample pedigree problem to try out, with step-by-step help? Or a chart you can label?

4o

You said:

make a study guide on biology 20 8.1(essential nutrients) and 8.2(enzymes)

ChatGPT said:

Here’s an in-depth study guide for Biology 20, Unit 8: Digestion, focusing on:

• Section 8.1: Essential Nutrients

• Section 8.2: Enzymes

Let me know if you’d like practice questions, diagrams, or flashcards to go with it!

Biology 20 – Unit 8: Digestive System Study Guide

8.1 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

These are nutrients your body cannot synthesize on its own, and must be obtained through diet.

6 Essential Nutrient Groups

1. Carbohydrates

• Function: Primary energy source.

• Monomers: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose)

• Polymers: Starches, glycogen, cellulose

• Sources: Grains, fruits, vegetables

• Types:

  • Simple: Sugars (glucose, fructose)

  • Complex: Starches and fibers

2. Proteins

• Function: Build and repair tissues, enzymes, hormones

• Monomers: Amino acids (20 types; 8 are essential)

• Sources: Meat, dairy, legumes, nuts

• Note: Proteins must be broken down into amino acids before use

3. Lipids (Fats)

• Function:

  • Long-term energy storage

  • Insulation

  • Cell membranes (phospholipids)

  • Hormone production

• Monomers: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

• Types:

  • Saturated fats: Solid at room temp (animal fat)

  • Unsaturated fats: Liquid (oils)

• Sources: Butter, oils, nuts, seeds, fish

4. Vitamins

• Function: Help regulate metabolism, immune function, and tissue repair

• Types:

  • Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K (stored in fat)

  • Water-soluble: B-complex, C (not stored; need daily)

• Sources: Fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy

5. Minerals

• Function: Build bones, teeth, regulate nerve and muscle function

• Examples:

  • Calcium: bones, muscle contractions

  • Iron: hemoglobin formation

  • Potassium: nerve impulses

• Sources: Meat, dairy, leafy greens, nuts

6. Water

• Function:

  • Solvent for chemical reactions

  • Regulates body temperature

  • Transports nutrients/wastes

• Importance: Makes up ~60% of body weight

Nutrient Summary Table

8.2 ENZYMES

What Are Enzymes?

• Biological catalysts: Speed up chemical reactions without being used up

• Made of proteins

• Very specific: one enzyme = one reaction (lock and key model)

How Enzymes Work

1. Substrate: Molecule the enzyme acts on

2. Active Site: Area on enzyme where substrate binds

3. Enzyme-Substrate Complex: Temporary binding

4. Products: New substances formed

5. Enzyme is reused

Key Features:

• Specificity: Each enzyme only fits one substrate

• Reusable: Enzyme isn’t changed in the reaction

• Sensitive to temperature and pH

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Examples of Digestive Enzymes

4o

You said:

8.1 is on like monomers, polymers etc. carbohydrates, the 2 types of reactions, 3 types of carbohydrates, the saccharides, lipids, triglycerides, peptides, and all that stuff in bio 20. 8.2 is enzymes and all that stuff

ChatGPT said:

Got it! Here's your in-depth Biology 20 Study Guide for:

• 8.1 – Biological Molecules (monomers/polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, reactions)

• 8.2 – Enzymes (structure, function, factors, examples)

Biology 20 – Unit 8 Study Guide

8.1: Biological Molecules & Biochemical Reactions

A. Monomers and Polymers

• Monomer: A small, basic unit (like a brick)

• Polymer: A large molecule made of repeating monomers (like a wall)

B. Carbohydrates

Function: Primary energy source

Types:

1. Monosaccharides – 1 sugar unit

   • Examples: Glucose, fructose, galactose

2. Disaccharides – 2 sugar units

   • Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose, lactose

3. Polysaccharides – Many sugar units

   • Examples: Starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (plant cell walls)

General formula: C₆H₁₂O₆ for monosaccharides like glucose

C. Lipids

Function:

• Long-term energy storage

• Insulation

• Cell membranes (phospholipids)

Structure:

• 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride

• Saturated fats: No double bonds; solid at room temp (e.g., butter)

• Unsaturated fats: At least one double bond; liquid at room temp (e.g., olive oil)

D. Proteins

Function:

• Structure (muscle, skin, hair)

• Enzymes

• Hormones (e.g., insulin)

Structure:

• Monomers: Amino acids (20 total, 8 essential)

• Peptide bond: Bond between amino acids

• Dipeptide: 2 amino acids

• Polypeptide: Many amino acids (protein)

Protein structure levels:

1. Primary: Chain of amino acids

2. Secondary: Folding into alpha helices or beta sheets

3. Tertiary: 3D shape

4. Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides combined (e.g., hemoglobin)

E. Types of Reactions

F. Nucleic Acids (briefly)

• Function: Store genetic info

• Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base)

• DNA, RNA

8.2: Enzymes

A. What Are Enzymes?

• Biological catalysts: Speed up reactions

• Made of proteins

• Specific: One enzyme works with one type of substrate

B. How Enzymes Work

1. Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site

2. Forms enzyme-substrate complex

3. Reaction happens → product is released

4. Enzyme is unchanged and reused

Models:

• Lock and Key: Substrate fits exactly

• Induced Fit: Enzyme molds around substrate

C. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

D. Examples of Digestive Enzymes