1500 W25 - Lecture 6.1 - Slides (Embedded Audio)

Page 3: Defining Policing

• Definition (Griffiths, 2013):

  • Policing refers to activities by individuals or organizations enforcing social order on behalf of public or private entities through lawful means.

Page 4: Cultural References

• Pop Culture: Chicago P.D. (Reference to media representation of policing)

Page 5: Historical Overview of Canadian Policing

• Early Municipal Policing:

  • 1650s: Night watchmen in Quebec City—untrained volunteers.

  • 1787: Introduction of constables in Montreal and Quebec City—appointed by Justices of the Peace.

  • 1793: Establishment of high constables in Upper Canada—early forms of policing.

  • 1858: Adoption of Boards of Commissioners in Upper Canada to oversee constables.

Page 6: The Influence of Robert Peel

• Robert Peel & London Metropolitan Police (1829):

  • Principle: "The police are the public and the public are the police."

  • Emphasis on equity, accountability, transparency, and crime prevention.

Page 7: Peel's Principles Summary

• Key Principles:

  • Mission to prevent crime and maintain order.

  • Police effectiveness linked to public approval.

  • Cooperation with the public essential for law observance.

  • Use of physical force as a last resort.

  • Police as representatives of community norms.

Page 9: 19th Century Challenges

• Context: Mid-19th century—rapid industrialization and urbanization leading to:

  • Increase in urban crime.

  • Class tensions and police misconduct.

• Professionalization: Early movements towards professional policing.

Page 13: Formation of Canada

• British North America Act (1867):

  • Creation of Canada with Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

  • Federal authority establishes criminal law; provinces are responsible for enforcement.

Page 14: Post-Confederation Police Development

• Federal Police Formation:

  • 1868: Formation of the Dominion Police.

  • 1873: Establishment of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) to ensure western settlement and manage treaty relations.

Page 18: Technological Advances in Policing

• Key Changes:

  • Late 1920s: Introduction of the automobile for patrol.

  • Late 1940s: Adoption of two-way radios for improved dispatch coordination.

  • 1950s onward: Use of computers for data management and crime analytics.

Page 20: Recent Trends in Policing

• Statistics (1962-2019):

  • Increased ratios of police officers and civilians per 100,000 population; rising costs and demand for policing services.

Page 21: Gender Representation in Policing

• Female Officers:

  • Historical context: First female officers in 1913.

  • 1970s: Significant recruitment and progress towards gender equity within ranks.

Page 24: Accountability Measures

• Ontario Accountability Structure:

  • Internal and external oversight including police services boards and special investigation units.

Page 25: Crime Rate Trends

• Police-reported Crime Statistics:

  • Data spans from 1962 to 2020 showing trends across property, violent, and total crime rates.

Page 28: Impression Management in Policing

• Goffman's Dramaturgy:

  • Life viewed as performance; significant for police image management.

Page 29: Real-life Application of Impression Management

• Personal Anecdote from Officer Tim:

  • Illustrates the pressure of maintaining a competent public image during crises.

Page 35: Discussion Questions

• How has the perception of police changed over time?

• In what ways has technology shifted public image management in policing?

• What is the relationship between police image and legitimacy in authority?

Page 38: Kahoot Quiz Assignment

• Details:

  • Complete the Kahoot related to lecture content within one week.

  • Nickname set as student number for participation.