BILD 1 Exam 3 Study Guide

Overall Guidance

• The quiz emphasizes material from classes 12-15.

• Review previous exam study guides for earlier learning objectives.

Learning Objectives

Class Learning Objective 12

• Biomass in Plants

  • Explain the source of new biomass using:

    • Conservation of energy and mass

    • The willow experiment

    • The oxygen labeling experiment

• Drawing Conclusions

  • Distinguish between what the experiments show and established truths from other sources.

• Tracing Atoms and Energy

  • Trace the origin of atoms and energy in photosynthesis products.

• Predicting Outcomes

  • Use photosynthesis and cellular respiration concepts for predictions regarding biomass.

• Photosynthesis Mechanisms

  • Differentiate between light reactions and Calvin cycle (roles, inputs, outputs).

Class Learning Objective 13

• Cell Signaling Stages

  • Define and order:

    • Reception

    • Signal transduction

    • Response

• Receptor Types and Function

  • Identify function and predict receptor locations based on signal characteristics (hydrophilic vs hydrophobic).

• Signal Transduction Role

  • Explain phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and second messengers.

• Impact of Perturbation

  • Predict effects of disturbances in cell signaling on function.

Class Learning Objective 14

• Mitosis Overview

  • Explain how mitosis results in genetically identical cells.

• Chromosome Comparison

  • Define homologous chromosomes relating to alleles.

• Haploid and Diploid Cells

  • Recognize and define haploid vs diploid based on chromosome number.

• Chromosome Replication and Separation

  • Diagram replication and separation processes involved in mitosis.

Class Learning Objective 15a

• Alleles and Homologous Chromosomes

  • Use homologous chromosomes to explain maximum alleles of a gene.

• Meiosis Diagram

  • Diagram chromosome replication and separation during meiosis, highlighting crossing over.

• Mitosis vs Meiosis Distinction

  • Differentiate in terms of daughter cells produced, DNA, chromosome numbers, locations, and purposes.

• Predicting Gamete Recombination

  • Given chromosome pairs of an organism, predict recombination potential without crossing over.

Class Learning Objective 15b

• Punnett Squares

  • Explain the cellular basis for Punnett squares.

Photosynthesis Misconceptions and Truths

• Organic Molecule Absorption

  • Plants absorb CO2 from the air for carbon; they do not primarily absorb organic molecules from soil.

• Dry Mass Sources

  • Majority of dry mass originates from carbon, not water or sunlight.

• Light Reactions vs Calvin Cycle

  • Light reactions harvest energy; Calvin cycle utilizes it; can occur in the dark if ATP/NADPH are present.

Cellular Respiration Misconceptions and Truths

• Cell Respiration in Plants

  • Plants perform cellular respiration for ATP at all times, not only at night.

• Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

  • Plants have both chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and mitochondria (for respiration).

• O2 Consumption and CO2 Release

  • Plants undergo both processes but release more O2 than they consume and consume more CO2 than they release.

Intracellular Signaling Misconceptions and Truths

• Receptor Responses

  • The same receptor can produce various responses based on different signaling molecules.

• Receptor Locations

  • Most receptors for hydrophilic signals are on the surface; hydrophobic signals have internal receptors.

Mitosis Misconceptions and Truths

• DNA Uniformity in Cells

  • Most body cells share identical DNA, originating from mitosis, except for blood cells and mutations.

• Chromosome Duplication

  • Duplicated chromosomes are still considered one until separation during division (two chromatids together).

• Identical Daughter Cells in Mitosis

  • Mitosis guarantees identical daughter cells with identical chromosome counts.

Meiosis Misconceptions and Truths

• Location of Meiosis

  • Meiosis occurs only in germline cells, responsible for egg and sperm production.

Alleles and Genes Misconceptions and Truths

• Definition and Function

  • A gene codes for proteins; alleles are variable forms of that gene.

• Allele Inheritance

  • Each parent contributes alleles independently; allele inheritance does not affect other chromosomes.

• Phenotype Determination

  • The genotype of both parents influences the offspring’s traits, but individual allele transmission depends only on one parent’s gametes.

Study Suggestions

• Focus on Learning Objectives

  • Pay attention to educational verbs (e.g., “stating” vs. “using”).

• Active Studying Methods

  • Quiz yourself and generate questions based on lecture content.

• Chunked Studying

  • Break study sessions into small segments rather than cramming.

• Analyze Wrong Answers

  • Think critically about incorrect responses on practice questions.

• Contrast Similar Concepts

  • Differentiate similar concepts to enhance understanding.

• Collaborative Study

  • Study with peers to reinforce memory and check for comprehension gaps.