unit ten - anthropometry

1. General Information

Definition:

• The etymological meaning: “Measurement of the human body in motion.”

• Science of Anthropometry:

1. Studies the relationship between human structure and function (Ross, 1978).

2. Examines the size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation, and primary functions of humans.

Objective:

• Understand human movement in the contexts of:

• Growth

• Physical exercise

• Sports performance and nutrition

ISAK (international society for the advancement of kinathropometry)

Anthropometric Data Collection:

• Physical measurements of a person related to reference values for growth and development assessment.

• Important for evaluating malnutrition and overnutrition.

Key Anthropometric Measures:

1. Height

2. Weight

3. Skinfold thickness

4. Body circumferences

2. Components: Anthropometric Measurements

GENERAL CARE

Appropriate room temperature

Barefoot athlete with little clothes

Calibrate the instrumental

Pre-mark the points anatomical

ISAK ANATOMICAL POINTS

They are marked by adopting the position anthropometric

Everything on the right side

After locating the point, mark it, then, always check it

Anthropometric position

The subject adopts a relaxed position, standing, with the arms hanging from the sides, the forearms in semi-pronation and the thumbs forward

It's the anatomical position, but with the palms to the side and the thumb forward

Basic Measurements:

1. Height (Stature):

• Useful for evaluating adult nutritional status and child growth monitoring.

• Measurement methods:

• Direct: Using a stadiometer; person in standing or supine position.

• Indirect: Measuring knee height or arm span.

FRANKFORT PLANE: It is defined by a line that goes from the lowest point of the eye socket to the left tragon, which is the deepest point in the upper notch of the drink of the ear.

2. Body Mass (Weight):

• Reflects recent dietary intake.

• Estimates total fat and muscle reserves.

• Weight can be influenced by hydration status.

You may be influenced by variations in the state of hydration of the person.

- Weight loss may reflect:

- dehydration

- ability to meet nutritional needs.

• The percentage of weight loss indicates, to a large extent, the extent and severity of an individual's illness.

Weight Change Evaluation:

• Backburn Formula: Determines percentage weight loss:

• Significant loss:

• 5% in 1 month

• 7.5% in 3 months

• 10% in 6 months

• Severe loss:

• 5% in 1 month

• 7.5% in 3 months

• 10% in 6 months

3. Body Mass Index (BMI):

Measure widely used in medicine to evaluate the adequacy of a person's body weight in relation to their height.

- The BMI is calculated as follows:

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)2

• Categorizes individuals into health risk levels based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards. 18.5-24.9 normal

BMI Limitations:

• Does not differentiate between muscle and fat.

• May inaccurately reflect body composition for certain individuals. General estimation.

4. Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR):

• Indicates cardiovascular risk.

ICC = waist (cm) / hip (cm)

• Classification:

• High Risk: >1 (Men), >0.85 (Women)

• Moderate Risk: 0.90–1.0 (Men), 0.80–0.85 (Women)

• Low Risk: <0.9 (Men), <0.8 (Women)

5. Waist Circumference:

• Assesses risk based on fat distribution.

• Threshold Values:

• High Risk: >102 cm (Men), >88 cm (Women)

1. Constitution

C = Height (cm) / Circumf. Doll (cm)

TYPE OF COMPLEXION

Little С > 10.4 (MEN) C> 11 (WOMEN)

Median 9.6 < С < 10.4     10.1 < C < 11

Big C< 9.6 С < 10.1

3. Body Composition

Definition:

• Refers to the distribution of body mass into different components such as fat, muscle, bone, and water based on relative environment and habits.

LOCATION OF FAT

- Patients who have increased abdominal fat present a significant increase in the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases:

- Peripheral or gynoid obesity: fat accumulated in buttocks, thighs and arms.

- Central, abdominal or android obesity: fat accumulated in the abdomen.

Health consequences of overweight and obesity:

1. Hypertension

2. Dyslipidemias (high levels of LDL cholesterol, low levels of HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides)

3. Type 2 diabetes

4. Coronary heart disease

5. Cerebrovascular accident

6. Gallbladder disease

7. Osteoarthritis

8. Sleep apnea and respiratory problems

9. Some types of cancer (endometrial, breast and colon)

Body composition is used, along with other factors, to obtain the precise description of the overall state of health of a person.

1. - Water compartment: Water is the majority component of the human body and its constancy is one of the fundamental functions of the organism.

2. - Fat compartment: energy reservoir of the individual; ensures that the body can have energy during many days.

3. - Protein compartment: second large body compartment: Approx. 20% of body weight.

Peculiarities of the fatty and protein compartment:

- The protein content has a physiological limit: it cannot increase as with fat, because it is not a tank compartment.

An excess protein intake does not imply a body accumulation of them.

• The fat compartment can be depleted to almost all, the protein no.

• The only thing that can be missed from this is a large part of it, that even if it is not convenient for it to happen, life is possible without that amount.

• Approximately this amount is about 6kg, being possible its exhaustion in a relatively short time.

Peculiarities of the fatty and protein compartment:

- There is no hydrocarbon compartment, and you can only Form a small deposit of glycogen almost daily When HC is ingested.

- Its quantitative value does not reach calorically or half of the Daily energy expenditure.

- The ingested HC are oxidized or converted into fat contributing To the fat compartment.

4. Measuring Instruments

4. ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE (BIA)

- Method that consists of measuring resistance to electrical flow (Impedance) through the different tissues

Metal sensors act as electrodes: they send a signal Electrical of very low amperage and receive it.

Calculation of fat and muscle percentage with formulas according to the Time it takes for the signal to arrive.

- It is taken for granted that:

- Muscle mass by having a greater amount of water leads the Electricity faster than fat

- Fat conducts electricity badly.

- All muscles have the same degree of hydration always; ERROR!!!!

RULES FOR PERFORMING A BIOIMPEDANCE

1. Don't eat or drink 4 hours before

2. Do not exercise hard 12 hours before

3. Urinate 30 minutes before

4. Do not take diuretics 7 days before

5. Do not perform in the luteal phase (15-28 of the cycle) due to the retention of liquids

6. Remove metals (rings, watch, piercing...)

RULES FOR PERFORMING A BIOIMPEDANCE

1. Don't eat or drink 4 hours before

2. Do not exercise hard 12 hours before

3. Urinate 30 minutes before

4. Do not take diuretics 7 days before

5. Do not drink alcohol or caffeine the previous 24 hours

6. Do not perform in the luteal phase (15-28 of the cycle) due to the retention of Liquids

7. Remove metals (rings, watch, piercing...)