chapter 3

                                   CHAPTER 3
HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•The chapter is NOT intended to be a comprehensive idea in the forensic sciences available. Rather, it is intended to be an overview to demonstrate the broad range of forensic tools available. it is not necessary for an investigator to be an expert in any of the forensic sciences.

•Legitimate medicine or legitimate medication is the department of pharmaceutical utilized by the legitimate specialists for the arrangement of lawful issues. It is the interaction of therapeutic science with the law. The title scientific comes from the word gathering meaning the roman showcase put where legal counselors, specialists and other experts do their businesses.

•Criminal Law - concern offenses which are considered to be against the common open intrigued, offenses against people, property, open security and security of the state. Punishments comprise of financial fine, detainment or execution.

•Civil Law - it is debate between two person or parties instead of the state. In both gracious and criminal activity, the blamed individual is called defendant/respondent and the party bringing the activity in a respectful case is the plaintiff.

CHAPTER 3
HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•ADVERSARIAL- the lawful framework of criminal method in Anglo-Saxon which slid from the American code. The litigant has got to demonstrate it past sensible question some time recently a judge, officer or jury.

•WITNESS - is a person who has knowledge about the case.

•3 TYPES OF WITNESSES

•1.ORDINARY WITNESS - witness as to the reality. Nothing to do with the therapeutic practice.

•2.PROFESSIONAL WITNESS - Specialists provide genuine prove of something he did or saw amid his therapeutic work.

•3.EXPERT WITNESS - One who help the law by giving a master supposition and a certain actuality. Illustration dermatologist may deliver conclusion upon carcinogens gives properties of certain chemicals.

•Post-mortem examination (Forensic medico legal autopsy) - in its broadest definition is essentially the examination of a body after passing.

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CHAPTER 3
HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•TYPES OF AUTOPSY

•1.    CLINICAL or HOSPITAL AUTOPSY- focuses more on the internal organ findings. Its purpose is to confirm the clinical diagnosis, presence of extent disease, any medical condition that were overlooked and appropriateness and outcome of therapy.

•2.    FORENSIC or MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY – to determine the cause of death and confirm the manner of death often used in criminal proceedings. FORENSIC or MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY- must be documented and photographed including those present during autopsy, date, time, and place of autopsy.

•Items to be collected for laboratory examinations:

•1. Victims clothing

•2. Blood examinations, DNA and blood typing

•3. Bullets recovered from the body on hands swabs in case of guns shooting

•4. Anal and Vaginal swabs combining from the heads and pubic hair in case of sex related cases.

•5.Vomitus and other gastric secretions.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•Forensic Autopsy consists of external and internal examinations

•EXTERNAL EXAMINATION

•1.    Broad overview of the body and clothing

•2.    General characteristics of the body

•A.    Sex and approximate age

•B.        Height and weight

•C.    Body built

•D.    Probable cause of death

•E.    Presence of tattoo and tribal marks

•3.    External comprises of classifying wounds or injuries. p.44

•INTERNAL examination

•    Comprise of the expulsion or removal of the person organs through a Y-shape cut starting at the tap of black bear and expanding between to the pubic bone. Inside organs are weighted, separated and send for pathologic examinations. p44

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BODY SIZE 0R HABITUS

•1. Hypersthenic - body is large and heavy, bony framework is thick

•2. Sthenic - athletic build, average    

•3. Hyposthenic - somewhat slighter

•4. Asthenic - body is slender and light

In the area of forensic medicine several types of wounds are differentiated according to their origin: blunt force injury, sharp force injury, gunshot wounds, strangulation, injuries due to heat and coldness

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•EARLY HISTORY and DEVELOPMENT of  CRIMINOLOGY

•IMHOTEP – (2980 B.C.) The earliest first forensic pathologist. He conducted autopsy in Julius Caesar and found out he sustained 23 stabbed wounds and recorded medico-legal expert. He was the chief physician and architect of King Zoser in Egypt.

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•CODE OF HAMMURABI – (2200 B.C.) It was an oldest code of law, crime against violence and sex.

•the most complete and perfect collection of Babylonian laws, developed during the reign of Hammurabi (1792–1750 bce) 

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•PAULUS ZACCHIA - Italian physician regarded as the father of legal medicine. He authored a book about medical aspect of wounds crime, detection and investigation homicide.

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CHAPTER 3
HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•ANTITIUS - considered be the first police surgeon or first forensic pathologist. He conducted autopsy in Julius Caesar and found out that he sustained 23 stabbed wounds and only one was the fatal wound.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•CESARE LOMBROSO (1885) – he utilized blood pressure reading as a basis in crime detection. He was known as the father of criminology.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•VITORRIO BENUSSI (1914) used breathing in police cases. Calculating the quotient of inhalation to exhalation time using a Pneumograph (A device used to measure and record breathing patterns) was discovered by Italian psychologist Vittorio Benussi. He concluded that a person’s emotional and respiratory changes when they are telling a lie.

• A pneumograph, also known as a pneumatograph or spirograph, is a device for recording velocity and force of chest movements during respiration.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•WILLIAM MARSTON – invented a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions.

•used blood pressure reading and galvanic skin response to examine prisoner’s of war

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•DR. JOHN LARSON (1920) – was the first person to measure and record continuously and simultaneously the heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory variations of a person during an interrogation. His polygraph was used extensively and very successfully in criminal investigations

•invented a device in recording both blood and skin response.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•DR. LEONARDE KEELER - improved the works of DR. LARSON, early means of applying science to solve criminal case works from crime during the 3rd century and pathology hampered the development of forensic science until the late 17th century and early 18th century.

The first recorded notes on fingerprint characteristics was prepared in 1896 by MARCELLO MALPHEGI, professor of anatomy in Palogne, Italy.

•MARCELLO MALPHEGI - he was the first person to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins that had eluded William Harvey. Malphegi was one of the earliest people to observe red blood cells under a microscope

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•In 1775, Swedish chemist, CARL WILHEM SCHEELE devised the first successful test for detecting arsenic in corpses.

•Was a Swedish German pharmaceutical chemist. Scheele discovered oxygen, and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen, and chlorine, among others. Scheele discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids

•Ingesting high levels of arsenic can result in death. Arsenic has also been linked to increased risks of cancer of the lung, skin , bladder , liver , kidney , and prostate . Symptoms of acute arsenic exposure generally occur within 30-60 minutes after ingestion

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•MATHIEU ORFILA - A Spanish physician, was the most significant technique in detecting arsenic in the walls of stomach and intestine. He is considered as the Father of Forensic Toxicology.

• Dr. Valentine Rose would be the first to use these two prior discoveries to determine whether a patient of his had died from arsenic poisoning. Dr. Rose took the stomach and its contents from the victim and cut them up and boiled them to release any chemicals bound in the flesh

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•In 1879, a Fresh scientist, ALPHONSE BERTILLON, devised a scheme in personal identification in using anthropometrical measurements and he was named as the Father of Criminal Identification.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•In 1901 DR. KARL LANDSTEINER discovered that blood can be grouped into different categories, A,B,O,AB.

•when different people's blood was mixed, the blood cells sometimes clotted. He explained in 1901 that people have different types of blood cells, that is, there are different blood groups. The discovery led to blood transfusions between people with compatible blood groups

•Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system by mixing the red cells and serum of each of his staff. He demonstrated that the serum of some people agglutinated the red cells of other.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•DR. LEON LATTES, professor in forensic medicine in Italy devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group of the dried blood stain a technique he applied in criminal investigation.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•ALBERT OSBORN -Conducted work in document examination. His works led to the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the court.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•Hans Gustav Adolf Gross or Groß was an Austrian criminal legal adviser and criminologist, the "Establishing Father of criminal profiling. A criminal legal scholar, net made a check as the maker of the field of guiltiness. All through his life, Hans Net made noteworthy commitments to the domain of logical criminology. In 1901, he spearheaded within the logical strategy in wrongdoing examination. He was the one who presented the term criminalistics.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•EDMUND LOCARD -  ¨Locard’s Exchange Principle¨ Edmond Locard was the director of the very first crime laboratory in existence, located in Lyon, France. Locard’s Exchange states that "with contact between two items, there will be an exchange.“

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•DR. WALTER MC CRONE - Introduced the use of microscopy in crime investigation  was an American chemist who was considered a leading expert in microscopy. To the general public, however, he was best known for his work on the Shroud of Turin, the Vinland map, and Forensic science.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•COL. CALVIN GODDARD, was a U.S. army colonel, went on to become the “Father of Ballistics” for developing the system by which bullets can be traced to the weapons that fired them. He also helped develop the first lie detectors applied microscopy in firearm examination using comparison microscope.

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HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•FRANCIS GALTON – Galton was an English Scientist and a biometrician.  Biometricians study individual identification using different means of biological data. His major contribution to forensics is his anthropometric research which is a system for classifying fingerprints. He developed a reliable system of recording and identifying fingerprints.  His system has been used since he wrote Fingerprints in 1892 and is still used today. He was actually 70 years old when he wrote Fingerprints.  Galton stated in his autobiography that his fingerprint system should hold 20,000 prints. He was the Father of Finger Printing as a way to unequally identified individual.

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CHAPTER 3
HISTORY, CONCEPTS and NATURE OF LEGAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

•MODERN SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES. Procedures such chromatography, spectrometry and electrophoresis were introduced, to determine the most significant modern advancement in the forensic science is the refinement of DNA typing in the late 20th century and early 21st century.

•chromatography - is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system on which a material called the stationary phase is fixe

•Spectrometry- is the measurement of the interactions between light and matter, and the reactions and measurements of radiation intensity and wavelength

•Electrophoresis- he movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field.

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•In 1985, sir ALEC JEFFREYS, a British Geneticist, late 20th century and early 21st century. With accuracy the identification of a substances. He develop the first DNA profiling test, applied for the 1 time and solved a crime identifying COLIN PITCHFORK as the murderer of two young English girls.