Medical immunology

What are granulocytes crucial in allergic reactions that release mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins upon activation, causing local inflammation and allergic symptoms?-Mast Cells

What type of short-lived phagocytes are the initial responders in innate immunity, engaging in engulfing pathogens, producing reactive oxygen species, and releasing enzymes that attract more immune cells?-Neutrophils

Which granulocytes participate in allergic reactions by releasing histamine to facilitate vasodilation and recruit immune cells, primarily found in the bloodstream?-Basophils

What type of granulocytes are responsible for fighting parasitic infections and mediating allergic responses by releasing cytotoxic proteins effective against helminths?-Eosinophils

What adaptive immune cells, including B cells, T cells, and NK cells, recognize and remember pathogens while targeting infected cells and producing antibodies?-Lymphocytes

What are the activated B cells that produce large amounts of specific antibodies in response to antigens, crucial for humoral immunity and memory cell generation?-Plasma Cells

What immune precursor cells evolve into macrophages and dendritic cells, involved in clearing dead cells, antigen presentation, and cytokine production?-Monocytes

What phagocytic cells engulf pathogens and dead cells, present antigens to T cells, and secrete cytokines and growth factors to enhance inflammation?-Macrophages

What type of cell surface proteins display processed antigens to T cells and are essential for the adaptive immune response and self versus non-self distinction?-MHCs

Which dominant antibody in blood neutralizes toxins, opsonizes pathogens for phagocytosis, and activates complement, providing long-term immunity?-IgG

What antibody is located in mucosal areas like the gut and respiratory tract, vital for mucosal immunity and preventing pathogen adherence?-IgA

What is the first antibody generated during infection that is essential for initial immune response and effective complement activation due to its pentameric nature?-IgM

What antibody is associated with allergic reactions and defense against parasites, binding to allergens causing mast cell degranulation and allergic effects?-IgE

What antibody is found on B cell surfaces and is proposed to be involved in B cell activation and differentiation, though its exact role remains somewhat unclear?-IgD

What are the proteins signaling and regulating immune responses and inflammation, facilitating communication among immune cells?-Cytokines

What subgroup of cytokines regulates interactions between immune cells, affecting T cell activation and B cell maturation, influencing adaptive immunity?-ILs

Which lymphocytes can kill virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization and are integral in the innate immune response?-NK Cells

What type of adhesion molecules assist immune cells' movement to infection sites and mediate crucial cell-to-cell interactions during immune responses?-Integrins

What are the primary sites for immune cell development and maturation, including T and B cell generation before antigen activation?-Primary Lymphoid Organs

Which organs, including lymph nodes and the spleen, are where immune responses are initiated and amplified upon antigen encounter?-Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What adaptive immune cells activate other immune cells or eliminate infected cells directly, including CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells?-T Lymphocytes

Which cells produce antibodies and present antigens to T cells, essential for humoral immunity and developing memory for quicker responses to antigens?-B Lymphocytes

What is the biological response to harmful stimuli marked by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function, aimed at protecting the body through injury repair?-Inflammation

In immune response, what is the function that isolates and eliminates infectious agents, protects against tissue injury, enhances healing by recruiting immune cells, and activates adaptive immunity?-Inflammation Function

What is the network of over 30 plasma proteins enhancing the actions of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens, vital for both innate and adaptive immunity?-Complement System

What mechanism is triggered when antibodies bind to pathogens, activating complement proteins and forming the membrane attack complex to lyse pathogen membranes?-Classical Pathway

What is activated when complement proteins bind to pathogen surfaces, enhancing opsonization and inflammation independently of antibodies, crucial in early responses?-Alternative Pathway

What is activated when mannose-binding lectin binds to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces, stimulating complement proteins for opsonization and clearance?-Lectin Pathway

What are key roles that include opsonization for phagocyte recognition, chemotaxis attracting immune cells, and MAC formation for pathogen lysis?-Complement Functions

What are the control mechanisms in the complement system to prevent host tissue damage, involving regulatory proteins ensuring activation targets pathogens only?-Complement Regulation

What antigen-presenting cells are essential for T cell activation and initiation of adaptive immune responses, capturing antigens from pathogens?-Dendritic Cells

What process in dendritic cells involves ingesting significant amounts of extracellular fluids and soluble antigens to enhance antigen capture?-Macropinocytosis

What method is used by dendritic cells to ingest and degrade cellular debris, pathogens, aiding antigen processing?-Phagocytosis

What are molecules indicating tissue damage or infection detected by pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells that stimulate activation for T cell response?-Danger Signals

What is the moving of mature dendritic cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes to present processed antigens to T cells?-Migration

What process enables dendritic cells to become accurately activated for antigen presentation, marked by increased co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines?-Maturation

What are signaling proteins produced by virus-infected cells that activate immune responses and enhance resistance of nearby cells to infections?-Interferons

What receptors on immune cells identify PAMPs, triggering innate immune responses and cytokine production?-Toll-like Receptors

What are specialized receptors that detect viral nucleic acids, activating pathways leading to interferon production and antiviral responses?-Nucleic Acid Sensors

What methods are employed by small viruses to evade host detection, such as high mutation rates and stealth tactics to alter antigens and inhibit immune signaling?-Small Virus Evasion

What strategies are used by larger viruses to avoid immunity, including disruption of apoptosis, blocking interferon signaling, and downregulating MHC for T cell evasion?-Large Virus Evasion

What strategies do viruses use to interact with host signaling pathways, manipulating cell functions like proliferation and immune responses to facilitate replication?-Viral Targeting

What genes are activated by interferons that enhance the antiviral state in cells, including those involved in inhibiting viral replication and modulating immune responses?-IFN Stimulated Genes

What mechanism do viruses, especially coronaviruses, use to bind to host cell receptors, facilitating entry through fusion or endocytosis?-Spike Protein Viral Entry

What enzymes phosphorylate proteins and play crucial roles in signal transduction pathways and cellular responses, including those activated during viral infections?-Protein Kinases

What is an antiviral protein induced by interferons that disrupts viral replication by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and modifying the lipid membranes of viruses?-Viperin

What is the process by which newly formed viruses leave the host cell, typically involving budding from the cell membrane or lysis, allowing them to infect new cells?-Viral Exit

What is a host cell protein that inhibits viral release by tethering newly formed virions to the cell membrane, preventing their ability to spread and infect other cells?-Tetherin

What are biologically active molecules released by immune cells that modulate immune responses, including cytokines, chemokines, and complement proteins?-Soluble Mediators

What is the first line of defense against pathogens, consisting of physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and the complement system, responding quickly to infections?-Innate Defenses

What subset of CD4+ T helper cells primarily promotes antibody responses and is particularly important in mediating allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections?-Th2 Cells

What subset of CD4+ T helper cells produces IL-17 and is involved in autoimmunity and defense against fungal infections and extracellular bacteria?-Th17 Cells

What is the bacterium responsible for various human diseases, including strep throat and skin infections, often leading to complications like rheumatic fever?-Group A Strep

What is the severe condition caused by toxins released from bacteria, leading to multi-organ failure and sudden drop in blood pressure, commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus?-Toxic Shock

What is the potentially fatal condition resulting from the presence of lipopolysaccharides in the bloodstream, usually due to Gram-negative bacterial infections?-Endotoxic Shock

What is a virulence factor produced by H. pylori that disrupts gastric epithelial cell functions, contributing to ulcer formation and evasion of host immune responses?-Pathogenic Helicobacter pylori (VacA)

What type of bacterial secretion system is used for transferring proteins and DNA to target cells, facilitating interaction with host cells and contributing to pathogenesis?-Type IV Secretion

What process involves the immune system identifying fungal pathogens through pattern recognition receptors that detect unique components on fungal cell walls?-Fungal Recognition

What is the process by which arboviruses replicate within a host, involving entry into host cells, RNA replication, protein synthesis, assembly, and budding to form new virions?-Arboviral Replication

What is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, characterized by high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, and potential severe complications?-Dengue Fever

What arbovirus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes is associated with mild rash, fever, and joint pain, and is notably linked to serious birth defects when pregnant women are infected?-Zika Virus

What is the mechanism used by pathogens to change their surface proteins to escape detection by the host immune system, making it difficult for the immune response to recognize and eliminate them?-Antigenic Variation

What is the process by which a pathogen reduces or disables the host's immune response to establish infection and promote survival, often by targeting immune cells?-Host Deletion

What phenomenon occurs when pathogens display similar structures to host molecules, allowing them to evade the immune response by resembling self-antigens?-Molecular Mimicry

What is the ability of pathogens to survive the killing efforts of the immune system, often through the development of mechanisms that neutralize or evade immune attacks?-Resistance to Killing

What strategy do pathogens use to alter the host immune response to favor their survival, often by manipulating cytokine profiles or polarizing T cell responses?-Immune Skewing/Subversion

What tactic do pathogens employ to conceal themselves from the immune system, often by residing within host cells or in protected niches where detection is limited?-Immune Hiding

What are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces, encased in a self-produced matrix, which confer increased resistance to antibiotics and immune clearance?-Biofilms

What strategy does Mycobacterium tuberculosis employ, inhibiting phagosome maturation and modulating host immune responses to survive within macrophages?-Evasion Strategy by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB)

What does Listeria monocytogenes do to escape the immune response, invading host cells and utilizing intracellular pathways to avoid detection?-Listeria Evasion Strategy

What is the process where phagosomes undergo fusion with lysosomes resulting in degradation of engulfed materials, with many pathogens evolving mechanisms to inhibit this process?-Phagosome Maturation

What are macrophages that have been stimulated by interferon-gamma to enhance their ability to kill intracellular pathogens through increased phagocytosis and production of reactive nitrogen species?-IFN-γ Activated Macrophages

What bacterium is responsible for the plague, which employs several virulence factors, including Type III secretion system, to evade the immune response and establish infection?-Yersinia pestis

What is the downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which can occur in certain infections, leading to reduced inflammatory responses and impaired immune activation?-TLR4 Dampening

What type of apparatus is used by many Gram-negative bacteria, including Yersinia, to inject virulence factors directly into host cells, manipulating cell functions to benefit the pathogen?-Type III Secretion System

What process involves immune cells activating upon detection of specific molecular patterns on pathogens through pattern recognition receptors, initiating innate immune responses?-Cellular Activation by Pattern Recognition Receptors

What pro-inflammatory cytokine is produced primarily by activated macrophages and is crucial for the inflammatory response, fever, and activation of other immune cells?-IL-1β

What is the multiprotein complex that activates caspase-1, leading to the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-18, triggering pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death?-Inflammasome Activation and Function

What are endogenous molecules released from damaged or dying cells that alert the immune system to injury or infection, promoting inflammation and immune activation?-Alarmins

What can certain bacteria exploit to their advantage by manipulating the signaling pathways that lead to inflammasome activation, producing factors that mimic host danger signals?-Bacterial Inflammasome Exploit

What can occur due to a deficiency of IL-1β, leading to impaired inflammatory responses and increased susceptibility to infections?-Deficiency in IL-1β

What may occur as a result of insufficient IL-1 receptor antagonist, leading to uncontrolled inflammation and autoimmune conditions?-Deficiency in IL-1Ra

What deficiency may result in dysregulated immune responses, potentially leading to skin disorders and impaired protective immunity?-Deficiency in IL-36