Untitled Flashcards Set

10% Plan= Lincoln's Reconstruction plan that allowed a southern state to form its own government after it abolished slavery and ten percent of its' voters swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S.

Wade-Davis Bill= Radical answer to the Ten Percent Plan. It required a majority of voters in southern states to take an "ironclad" oath proclaiming their current and past loyalty to the union. The only way a southern state could re-enter according to these terms would be by enfranchising large numbers of African American voters

Ideology of the Radical Republicans= favored harsh punishment of Southern states after Civil War; led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding Reconstruction policy after the war.

Andrew Johnson impeachment: The House of Representatives impeached Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.

Carpetbagger=  A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War

Scalawag= Southern whites who supported Republican policy throughout Reconstruction

 Reconstruction Amendments

13^th = abolished slavery

14^th = granted citizenship to freedmen and guaranteed equal legal protection.

15^tt = Gave former slaves (freedmen) the right to vote

Year Lincoln was assassinated= killed by John Wilks booth at forwards theater in 1865

Whiskey Ring= During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars

Event/Term that brought an end to Reconstruction= The compromise of 1877

Homestead Act of 1862= This act was endorsed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20th, 1862; this act reassured western migration by accommodating settlers with 160 acres of public land. In return, homesteaders paid a small fee and were required to complete five years of residence

Pacific Railway Act of 1862= legislation by Congress passed to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Union Pacific = one of the two companies in charge of building the Transcontinental RR under the direction of former Union general Granville Dodge; started in Omaha, NB, in 1865; included many Civil War vets, criminals, and Irish immigrants.

Central Pacific, one of the two companies in charge of building the Transcontinental RR, under the direction of Theodore Judah, had a more challenging task because it had to cut through the Rocky Mountains: 10,000 Chinese immigrants.

Soft money = paper Money is not linked to gold or other comities

 Hard money = Money that is backed up by gold or silver

Presidential Election of 1876= Democrats allowed Hayes to become president; in return, Hayes would pull all remaining troops out of the South and withdraw support for the remaining Republican state governments in the South

Thomas Edison’s Research Laboratory In 1876, Thomas Alva Edison established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb, which was patented in 1880, and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.  He created the telephone, telegraph, motion pictures, and photographs. Menlo Park Laboratory

Coolie= Asian laborers who were recruited to work in the United States during and after the Civil War

The Transcontinental Railroad was the first railroad to cross the nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It was finished in 1869 after being built for 6 years.

Difference between political and market entrepreneurs sought success through sound business practices--- time management, cost-cutting, improved operations, and new technology. Resulted in more and better products and lower prices for the consumers. Political entrepreneurs sought success by special privileges or political advantages. Sought high tariffs to price out competitors and asked for government subsidies (taxpayer dollars) to reduce costs to themselves. Influenced and bribed politicians into decisions that might affect their businesses.

Laissez-Faire: The government should take a hands-off approach to business.

System of racial segregation in the New South Black codes

Andrew John, the 17th President of the United States, was A Southerner from Tennessee. He was Vice President when Lincoln was killed, so he became president. He opposed Radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Andrew Carnegie was A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John Rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Standard Oil Company. This company dominated the oil industry through aggressive business practices like horizontal integration, essentially creating a monopoly on oil production in the United States. Rockefeller is widely known for his immense wealth and later philanthropic efforts.

Henry Grady is Known for his vision of a new South. He became the editor of The Atlanta Constitution in 1880. He thought the South needed industry to recover.

Henry George was a 19th-century economist best known for his book Progress and Poverty (published in 1879), advocating for a "single tax" on land value. He believed this would solve economic inequality by capturing the unearned wealth generated by rising land prices, essentially taxing away the economic rent from land ownership.

Haymarket Affair= a violent labor protest that took place on May 4, 1886, in Chicago's Haymarket Square, where a bomb was thrown at police during a demonstration for an eight-hour workday, resulting in the deaths of several police officers and civilians, and the subsequent trial and conviction of several anarchist leaders, even though the bomber was never identified; this event significantly damaged the reputation of organized labor and led to increased anti-union sentiment in the United States.