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Definition: A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of Nouns:
Proper Noun: Names a specific entity (e.g., Makati). Must be capitalized.
Common Noun: Refers to a general category (e.g., city). Not capitalized unless at the start of a sentence.
Collective Noun: Refers to a group (e.g., family, team).
Abstract Noun: Denotes an idea or quality (e.g., happiness, loyalty). Often formed with suffixes (e.g., -ness, -ity).
Person: Noun's grammatical role can refer to the speaker (first person), the addressed (second person), or someone mentioned (third person).
Number: Singular (one) or plural (more than one).
Gender: Categories for nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter based on denoted sex or absence thereof.
Case: Grammatical function of the noun can be nominative, possessive, or objective.
Nominative Case: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Address, etc.
Possessive Case: Indicates ownership.
Objective Case: Functions as a direct/indirect object or object of a preposition.
Pronouns replace nouns, often with an antecedent.
Types:
Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific persons or things. Includes nominative (I, you, he...) and objective (me, you, him...).
Compound Personal Pronouns: Formed with self/selves (myself, ourselves).
Interrogative Pronouns: Who, which, what; used for questions.
Indefinite Pronouns: General (e.g., everyone, some).
Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.
Types:
Descriptive: Describe qualities (red, tall).
Limiting: Define or restrict (two, several). Includes numeral and articles.
Generally precede the nouns they modify.
Order matters in strings of adjectives (Determiner → Size → Age → Color → Material → Noun).
Verbs express action or being.
Types:
Transitive Verbs: Require an object (e.g., she kicked the ball).
Intransitive Verbs: No object (e.g., he sleeps).
Linking Verbs: Connect subjects to a noun or adjective (e.g., she is happy).
Simple: Present, past, future.
Perfect: Present Perfect, Past Perfect, etc.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (quickly, very).
Classification:
Manner, Place, Time, etc.
Regular (adding '-er' or '-est') and irregular forms.
Some adverbs cannot be compared.
Prepositions show relationships between nouns (e.g., in, on, at).
Types: Prepositions of time, place, movement.
A comprehensive list, including about, above, after, before, during, etc.
Connect parts of a sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Subordinating Conjunctions: After, although, because, etc.
Correlative Conjunctions: Both/and, either/or, neither/nor, etc.
Interjections express strong emotions or reactions (e.g., wow, ouch).
Stand alone or included in sentences.
Acronym strategies for memorizing parts of speech and related functions.
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