English-Readings-1

Introduction

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Part I: Parts of Speech

Nouns

  • Definition: A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

  • Types of Nouns:

    • Proper Noun: Names a specific entity (e.g., Makati). Must be capitalized.

    • Common Noun: Refers to a general category (e.g., city). Not capitalized unless at the start of a sentence.

    • Collective Noun: Refers to a group (e.g., family, team).

    • Abstract Noun: Denotes an idea or quality (e.g., happiness, loyalty). Often formed with suffixes (e.g., -ness, -ity).

Modifications of Nouns

  • Person: Noun's grammatical role can refer to the speaker (first person), the addressed (second person), or someone mentioned (third person).

  • Number: Singular (one) or plural (more than one).

  • Gender: Categories for nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter based on denoted sex or absence thereof.

  • Case: Grammatical function of the noun can be nominative, possessive, or objective.

Noun Usage Examples

  1. Nominative Case: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Address, etc.

  2. Possessive Case: Indicates ownership.

  3. Objective Case: Functions as a direct/indirect object or object of a preposition.

Part II: Pronouns

Definition and Types of Pronouns

  • Pronouns replace nouns, often with an antecedent.

  • Types:

    • Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific persons or things. Includes nominative (I, you, he...) and objective (me, you, him...).

    • Compound Personal Pronouns: Formed with self/selves (myself, ourselves).

    • Interrogative Pronouns: Who, which, what; used for questions.

    • Indefinite Pronouns: General (e.g., everyone, some).

Part III: Adjectives

Definition and Types

  • Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.

  • Types:

    • Descriptive: Describe qualities (red, tall).

    • Limiting: Define or restrict (two, several). Includes numeral and articles.

Position of Adjectives

  • Generally precede the nouns they modify.

  • Order matters in strings of adjectives (Determiner → Size → Age → Color → Material → Noun).

Part IV: Verbs

Definition and Types

  • Verbs express action or being.

  • Types:

    • Transitive Verbs: Require an object (e.g., she kicked the ball).

    • Intransitive Verbs: No object (e.g., he sleeps).

    • Linking Verbs: Connect subjects to a noun or adjective (e.g., she is happy).

Verb Tenses

  • Simple: Present, past, future.

  • Perfect: Present Perfect, Past Perfect, etc.

Part V: Adverbs

Definition and Use

  • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (quickly, very).

  • Classification:

    • Manner, Place, Time, etc.

Comparison of Adverbs

  • Regular (adding '-er' or '-est') and irregular forms.

  • Some adverbs cannot be compared.

Part VI: Prepositions

Understanding Prepositions

  • Prepositions show relationships between nouns (e.g., in, on, at).

  • Types: Prepositions of time, place, movement.

Common Prepositions

  • A comprehensive list, including about, above, after, before, during, etc.

Part VII: Conjunctions

Types of Conjunctions

  • Connect parts of a sentence.

  • Coordinating Conjunctions: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

  • Subordinating Conjunctions: After, although, because, etc.

  • Correlative Conjunctions: Both/and, either/or, neither/nor, etc.

Part VIII: Interjections

Definition and Use

  • Interjections express strong emotions or reactions (e.g., wow, ouch).

  • Stand alone or included in sentences.

Conclusion

  • Acronym strategies for memorizing parts of speech and related functions.

  • Encouragement to discuss this knowledge and further resources available from Academic-Clinic.

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