part 6

* The Transition of the Ottoman Empire to Turkey

* Key Leader: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

* Context: After siding with Germany and losing World War I (1914-1918), the Ottoman Empire dissolved.

* Atatürk's Goal: To transform the Turkish government into a secular (non-religious) state.

* Reforms:

* Made women politically equal to men.

* Replaced the Arabic alphabet with a new Turkish alphabet using Latin letters.

* Outcome: Atatürk's reforms were successful, leading to a modernized Turkish state (early 20th Century).

* The Iranian Revolution

* When: 1979

* Initial Modernization: Iran was modernized and Westernized under the Shah.

* Resistance: Many Iranians viewed the Shah as corrupt and a puppet of the United States.

* New Leader & Government: Ayatollah Khomeini established a theocracy.

* The Arab-Israeli Conflict (also Palestinian-Israeli Conflict)

* Key Groups: Arabs/Palestinians and Israelis/Jews.

* Historical Context:

* Jewish Diaspora.

* Zionism (20th century).

* Balfour Declaration.

* The Holocaust (post-1945).

* Establishment of Israel: 1948

* Wars & Territorial Changes:

* Initial War (1948): Israel gained more land.

* Six-Day War (1967): Israel significantly increased its territory.

* Peace Efforts:

* Camp David Accords (late 1970s).

* Palestinian Resistance:

* Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).

* Intifada.

* Current Situation (as of 2023): Ongoing conflict, complex territorial disputes.

* Modern Human Rights Issues

* UN Declaration of Human Rights: 1948

* Rwandan Genocide:

* When: 1994

* Context: Tutsis and Hutus ethnic conflict.

* Event: Hutus systematically murdered Tutsis.

* Impact: Approximately one million deaths.

* UN Involvement: Criticized for inadequate intervention.

* Significance: Genocides and human rights abuses continue to occur despite the UN Declaration.