Energy- the capacity to cause change

Kinetic energy- energy of motion

Potential energy- stored energy

Conservation of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted

Heat- type of kinetic energy

Entropy- measure of disorder in a system

Cellular respiration- process of chemical breakdown of food molecules

Calorie- amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1° C

Calorific value- amount of energy produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel

Food calories- measures of energy a food can produce in the body; measured in kilocalories

1 Kcal- 1,000 calories

Chemical energy- released by a breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration and used to generate molecules of ATP

ATP- stored energy from food and releases it later as needed

Structure of ATP- adenosine + triphosphate ➡️ adenosine + diphosphate

Metabolism- the total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

Activation energy- activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction

Substrate- a specific reactant molecule (maltose, lactose, protein, starch, lipids, polypeptides)

Induced fit- when an enzyme recognizes a substrate, puts it in the active site and it changes shape slightly

Active site- part of enzyme where the substrate binds

Enzyme inhibitors- certain molecules that bind to an enzyme and disrupt its function

Cell membrane- controls the flow of materials in and out of a cell

selectively-permeable membrane- permeable to lipid soluble and small molecules; allows some substances to go through more easily than others

Transport proteins- helps molecules pass through the cell membrane

Passive transport- doesn’t require energy to transport, substances diffuse from high to low concentration, may require channel proteins (transport proteins) to move larger molecules; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active transport- requires energy to transport molecules, substances diffuse from low to high concentration, requires carrier proteins to move molecules

Diffusion- the tendency of a molecule to move from higher to lower concentration

Facilitates diffusion- substances being transported via transport proteins; type of passive transport

Osmosis- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic solution- has a higher concentration of solute (more solute, less water)

Hypotonic- has a lower concentration of solute (less solute and more water)

Isotonic solution- equal concentration of solute (equal solute and equal water)

Osmoregulation- the control of water balance within a cell or organism

Exocytosis- the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane

Endocytosis- a cell takes the material in via vesicles that bud inward