SOCI 250 need to knows

Student of Lombroso and first to talk about “the born criminal”

• TERM: Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)

Biosocial theory - all behavior is triggered by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). He believed we are all occasionally prone to do things that violate the norms, values, and rules of society.

• TERM: Sarnoff Mednick

Australian lawyer who wrote that every criminal case should be treated as a scientific problem.

• TERM: Hans Gross

German Philosopher who argued that we do not know reality. Instead our minds form appearances about reality.

• TERM: Immanuel Kant

English sheriff who advocated jail reform and was an instrumental in establishing prisoner advocacy groups.

• TERM: John Howard

Father of sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics. Major proponent of functionalism. Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function.

• TERM: Emile Durkheim

The classification of humans into types according to body build and other physical characteristics.

• TERM: Somatotyping

Pioneered the study of endocrine systems - hormone production and developed a chemical-glandular theory of personality differences.

• TERM: Friedrich Wohler

Invented the "tread wheel" as a form of punishment in prisons, today it is known as the treadmill.

• TERM: Sir William Cubitt

Symbolic interactionism- focused on the social process through which criminal behaviour is learned- notably imitation and interaction with others in the individual's social environment.

• TERM: Gabriel Tarde

Argued that for a crime to occur three key elements must be present: motivation, skill, and opportunity.

• TERM: Clarence Ray Jeffery

mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in hand, crime prone traits were inherited

• TERM: Henry Maudsley

Recognized for his ideas on policing that still govern policing today. The power of the police depends on public approval of their actions and behaviors. Maintaining the respect of the public means securing their co-operation to respect societal laws. The police must demonstrate absolute impartiality, courtesy, and friendly good humor. The police must use minimal force when trying to restore and/or enforce the law.

• TERM: Sir Robert Peel

Father of modern philosophy

• TERM: René Descartes

Embraced the concept of free will, arguing that most potential offenders would be deterred of three basic conditions were met:

• certainty of punishment

• swiftness of justice

• fair penalties proportionate to the severity of social harm done

  • TERM: Cesare Berraria

Perhaps the most influential modern-day revisionist on the subject of punishment, argued that punishment should not be seen as "the independent development of legal or economic institutions" but rather as part of an integrative and/or interdisciplinary framework. Aka punishment should be different for everyone as no one person is the same.

• TERM: Michel Foucault

Argued that we are influenced less by heredity than by our social environment.

• TERM: Gustav Aschaffenburg

America's first forensic psychiatrist and defended moral insanity

• TERM: Isaac Ray 

father of psychoanalysis, iceberg model, six different mechanisms, human psychosexual development, and Freudian explanations.

• TERM: Sigmund Freud

characterize those individuals who, b/c of specific bodily characteristics were considered throwbacks to some early period of human evolution.

• TERM: Atavism

A French Supreme Court judge that speculated that a fourth school of criminological thought might be emerging, the school of (new) social defense.

• TERM: Marc Ancel

proposed that "the biological roots of antisocial outcomes are present before or soon after birth"

• TERM: Terrie E. Moffitt

A student of Franz Joseph Gall who introduced phrenology, the correlation between the shape of the human skull and human behavior, to America, where it became part of the classification method used to evaluate newly admitted prisoners.

• TERM: Johann Gaspar Spurzheim

Used typology to identify "the born criminal", "criminals by passion", "Criminaloids", and others.

• TERM: Cesare Lombroso

A group of related theories within criminology that share a common understanding of human behavior and the causes of crime, often based on a particular philosophical perspective, used to explain criminal activity and inform criminal justice policy.

• TERM: Definition of Schools of Criminology

This early perspective believed crime was caused by supernatural forces, demonic possession, or spiritual imbalances, with punishments often focused on religious retribution like exorcisms or corporal punishment.

• TERM: Pre-Classical School

Emphasizes the concept of "free will" where individuals rationally choose to commit crimes after weighing potential benefits against the risks of punishment, advocating for a just and proportionate legal system with deterring punishments based on the "social contract" idea.

• TERM: Classical School 

Builds upon the Classical School by acknowledging some individual variations in criminal propensity while still maintaining the core idea of rational choice and deterrence, often incorporating factors like mitigating circumstances when sentencing.

• TERM: Neo-classical School 

Focuses on scientific explanations for criminal behavior, believing that crime is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors beyond an individual's control, advocating for rehabilitation and treatment programs tailored to the specific needs of offenders.

• TERM: Positivist School

Translated Binet's intelligence test into English and used it to test and classify students with mental retardation. Most known for his conclusion: "crime is the result of low-grade mentality; primarily feeblemindedness, which is an inherited quality".

• TERM: Henry Herbert Goddard

Studied punishment and the treatment of criminals

• TERM: Paul Topinard and Raffaele Graofalo

Published the first criminology textbook

• TERM: Maurice Parmelee 

Published the principles of criminology 

• TERM: Edward H. Sutherland

Started the criminology and correctional administration program at the University of Ottawa in 1967

• TERM: Tadeusz Grygier 

Established SFU criminology program in 1975 

• TERM: Ezzat Fattah 

Founding father of criminology and launched the criminology program at the University of montreal in 1960 

• TERM: Denis Szabo 

Established the centre for criminology at the university of toronto in 1960 

TERM: John Edwards 

Developed the field of environmental criminology. Since moving to the school of criminology in SFU 1977. They are now highly decorated 

• TERM: Paul and Patricia Brantingham

Considered the father of victimology 

• TERM: Benjamin Medelsohn

Modern day criminalist who first applied this anthropological technique to law and criminology.

• TERM: Alphonse Bertillon

Argued for empiricism

• TERM: John Lock and David Hume

Refined Kretchmer's work:

Endomorphic

Mesomorph

Ectomorph

Viscerotonic: extroverted, easy-going, and fond of the "good life"

Somotonic: assertive in manner and quite active in behavior.

cerebrotonic: introverted complainers, troubled by insomnia and chronic fatigue.

• TERM: William Sheldon

Who was the first person to propose that the possibility that criminal behavior might be related to mental abnormality?

• TERM: Gustav Aschaffenburg

Studied crime in Chicago from 1900-1933. Delinquency high in inner zones of city regardless of which immigrant group or minority lived there. Delinquency of group decreased as one moved away from the inner city. Personal characteristics of ethnic groups cannot explain these two things. Social disorganization of the area had to be at work)

• TERM: Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay

Creator of the software program Criminal Geographic Targeting

• TERM: Kim Rossmo

Father of sociology, positivism

• TERM: Auguste Comte

Conducted a well-controlled statistical study of Lombroso's thesis that led him to believe that a defective state of mind combined with poor physical condition unavoidably makes a person a criminal personality. CRIME = Heredity + Environment.

• TERM: Charles Buckman Goring

Enlightenment thinkers pre Topinard and Garofalo.

• TERM: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

early advocate of interdisciplinary approach to criminology.

• TERM: Leon Radzinowicz

A founder of phrenology who became convinced that personality, including criminal tendencies, were reflected in the irregular surface of the head.

• TERM: Frank Joseph Gall

Conceived mental and moral development theory

• TERM: Jean Piaget

Holds that strain is caused by failure to achieve certain material goals, and he identified 3 general forms of strain: 

• Failure to achieve goals: Not reaching desired goals like a good job, financial stability, or social status. 

• Removal of positive stimuli: Losing something valued, like a job, relationship, or reputation. 

• Presence of negative stimuli: Experiencing negative life events like abuse, crime victimization, or discrimination. 

  • TERM: Agnew's general strain theory

Influential behaviorist, agreed that human cognition exists but could not be scientifically studied without physical bias.

• TERM: B.F Skinner

British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

• TERM: Jeremy Bentham 

empathic understanding of human behavior.

• TERM: Versetehen 

social relations between individuals, based on close personal and family ties; community.

• TERM: Gemeinschaft

expanded and modified Durkeim's concept and began to develop his own explanation of crime.

• TERM: Robert K. Merton

Father of Canadian Psychology, early pioneer of expiremental psychology.

• TERM: James Mark Baldwin

Recognized as the father of experimental psychology and behaviorism 

• TERM: John B. Watson 

The champion of the Social Protection Code, which called for a fair and flexible justice system that promoted principles of rehabilitation and embraced a humanitarian approach.

• TERM: Tadeusz Grygier

Focuses on negative behaviors, often phrased as "do not" statements, like "Do not steal."

• TERM: Proscriptive norms 

Focuses on positive behaviors, often phrased as "do" statements, like "Be kind to others."

• TERM: Prescriptive (subscriptive) norms

Created prison reform principles that pointed out that cruel and harsh punishment debase not only the victim but also the society that employs them.

• TERM: Alexander Maconochie

criticized Goring's findings and believed that physical differences, together with social and environmental factors, could be used to predict crime.

• TERM: Earnest Hooton

Pioneered the neoclassical school of criminology by departing from the classical school of criminology in 2 fundamental respects:

TERM: Luigi Rossi, René Garraud, and Henri Joly

Believed ppl fell into 2 groups:

• cycloids, manic-depressive in temperament and made up 10-20% of the criminal population.

• schizoids, lanky, tall, weak, thin, and made up 80-90% of the criminal population.

AND Identified 3 body types:

• asthenic, lanky and weak - typically schizoid

• pyknic, short, round, and soft - typically cycloids

• athletic, strong broad and muscular

  • TERM: Earnest Kretschmer

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion 

• Hans Eysenck