AP Bio Bacteria Quiz

Bacteria/Protists

Three domains of life:

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya. Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya due to similarities in genes and protein structures, despite living in extreme environments.

Prokaryote features:

Structures: cell wall, flagella, pili, plasmids. Functions: replication, movement, attachment, DNA exchange. These allow prokaryotes to thrive in diverse environments.

Nutritional diversity of prokaryotes:

Includes autotrophs (synthesize food) and heterotrophs (consume food). Biofilms are groups of bacteria that stick together, providing protection and resistance.

Archaea in environments:

Extremophiles (live in extreme environments) and mesophiles (moderate environments). Examples: thermophiles, halophiles.

Bacteria subgroups:

Examples: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Features: cell wall composition, metabolic processes, habitats.

Exotoxins vs. endotoxins:

Exotoxins: secreted toxins (e.g., tetanus toxin). Endotoxins: part of bacterial cell walls (e.g., E. coli).

Positive roles of prokaryotes:

Nitrogen fixation, decomposition, digestion, and fermentation.

Protists:

Diverse group: plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like. Many represent different clades.

Endosymbiosis:

Primary: engulfment of bacteria by a cell (e.g., mitochondria). Secondary: engulfment of a cell already containing endosymbionts (e.g., some algae).

Protist clades:

Euglenozoans, Alveolates, Stramenopiles, Amoebozoa, etc. Characterized by morphology and genetics.

Multicellular evolution:

Likely evolved from colonial organisms through cooperation between cells.

Slime Molds:

Fungal-like protists that exhibit amoeba-like movement and form multicellular structures.

Dinoflagellates:

Concerned due to algal blooms and toxicity, which harm marine life and humans.

Locomotion:

Cilia: short, hair-like structures. Flagella: long, whip-like. Pseudopod: extensions of cytoplasm. Contractile vacuole: regulates water balance.

Virus/Bacteria

Bacteria cells:

Unicellular, prokaryotic (no nucleus).

Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria:

Eubacteria: common bacteria. Archaebacteria: live in extreme environments.

Harsh environment bacteria:

Archaebacteria.

Bacterial shapes:

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla (spiral).

Binary fission:

Bacterial cell division: DNA replication, cell splitting.

Conjugation:

Exchange of genetic material between two bacteria.

Spore formation:

Bacteria form spores to survive harsh conditions.

Antibiotic resistance:

Bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.

Bacteria infect cells:

Attach to host cells, inject toxins, and reproduce.

Sterilization methods:

Heat, chemicals.

Additional method to kill bacteria:

Radiation.

Lytic vs. retrovirus:

Lytic: virus destroys host cell. Retrovirus: integrates into host genome.

Genetic material difference:

Lytic: DNA or RNA. Retrovirus: RNA, then converts to DNA.

Lytic cycle steps:

Attachment, entry, replication, assembly, lysis.

Lysogenic cycle:

Virus integrates into host DNA, dormant until activation.

Vaccine:

A preparation to stimulate immunity without causing disease.

Living criteria not met by viruses:

Cannot reproduce independently, lack metabolism, no cellular structure.

Retrovirus example:

HIV.

HIV/AIDS infection:

Immune system, transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child.

Bacteriophage drawing:

Structure: head (capsid), tail fibers, DNA.

Vaccine frequency:

Rabies: one-time exposure; Tetanus: requires boosters due to immune decay; Flu: yearly due to virus mutation.