Pysychology Module (2)

Contributors

• Koye Kassa - Bahir Dar University

• Belay Tefera - Addis Ababa University

• Aemero Asmamaw - University of Gondar

• Habtamu Disasa - Dilla University

Table of Contents

1. Module Introduction

2. Module Objectives

3. Chapter Summaries

   • Chapter One: Essence of Psychology

   • Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception

   • Chapter Three: Learning and Theories of Learning

   • Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting

   • Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotions

   • Chapter Six: Personality

   • Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques

   • Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills

   • Chapter Nine: Intra-Personal and Interpersonal Skills

   • Chapter Ten: Academic Skills

   • Chapter Eleven: Social Skills

Module Introduction

• Psychology is the science of human cognitive processes and behaviors.

• Focuses on different dimensions such as sensation, perception, learning, motivation, personality, and life skills to form a comprehensive understanding of human behavior.

Module Objectives

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

• Describe key psychological concepts.

• Compare major theoretical perspectives in psychology.

• Discuss human development aspects.

• Compare different learning theories.

• Summarize motivational and emotional processes.

• Demonstrate social skills in everyday life.

• Set adaptive goals and plan future actions.

• Apply psychological knowledge in life contexts.

• Develop life skills.

Chapter One: Essence of Psychology

Overview and Goals of Psychology

• Definition of psychology: study of mind, behavior, and underlying processes.

• Goals: describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.

Historical Background

• Emergence of psychology as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt.

• Difference between early and modern schools of thought (e.g., Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism).

Research Methods in Psychology

• Major research methods include descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.

Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception

Importance of Sensation and Perception

• Sensation involves the detection of stimuli, while perception organizes and interprets those stimuli.

Principles of Sensation

• Sensory thresholds (absolute and difference threshold) determine how and when we detect stimuli.

• Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on changes in the environment rather than constant stimuli.

Chapter Three: Learning and Theories of Learning

Definition and Characteristics of Learning

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Theories of Learning

• Behavioral theories include classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner).

• Observational learning (Bandura) emphasizes learning from observing others.

Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting

Memory Processes

• Stages: encoding, storage, retrieval.

Causes of Forgetting

• Theories: decay, interference, motivated forgetting, and cue-dependent forgetting.

Improving Memory

• Strategies to enhance memory retention include rehearsal, meaningful practice, and organization of information.

Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotions

Definition of Motivation

• Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.

Theories of Motivation

• Includes instinct, drive-reduction, arousal approaches, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Understanding Emotions

• Emotions involve physiological responses, behavior, and cognitive labeling.

Chapter Six: Personality

Definitions and Theories of Personality

• Personality comprises the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Major Theories

• Psychoanalytic theory (Freud), Trait theory, and Humanistic approaches (Rogers and Maslow).

Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques

Nature of Psychological Disorders

• Defined by abnormality, maladaptiveness, and personal distress.

Types of Disorders

• Mood disorders (e.g., depression), anxiety disorders (e.g., phobias, PTSD), personality disorders.

Treatment Approaches

• Psychotherapy, medication, and various therapeutic techniques.

Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills

Importance of Life Skills

• Skills like critical thinking, decision making, self-esteem, emotional intelligence are crucial.

Goals of Life Skills

• Enhance effective functioning in daily life and improve interpersonal relationships.

Chapter Nine: Intra-Personal and Interpersonal Skills

Key Concepts

• Self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem play a significant role in personal development.

Emotional Intelligence

• Ability to manage one’s emotions and understand others' emotions.

Chapter Ten: Academic Skills

Time Management and Study Skills

• Effective strategies include setting goals, staying organized, and using various note-taking methods.

Test-Taking Skills

• Strategies to prepare for and manage test anxiety.

Chapter Eleven: Social Skills

Understanding Cultural Diversity

• Importance of recognizing differences and fostering inclusivity in social settings.

Conflict Resolution and Teamwork

• Collaborative approaches to working effectively in groups and resolving conflicts.