Pysychology Module (2)
Contributors
Koye Kassa - Bahir Dar University
Belay Tefera - Addis Ababa University
Aemero Asmamaw - University of Gondar
Habtamu Disasa - Dilla University
Table of Contents
Module Introduction
Module Objectives
Chapter Summaries
Chapter One: Essence of Psychology
Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception
Chapter Three: Learning and Theories of Learning
Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting
Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotions
Chapter Six: Personality
Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques
Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills
Chapter Nine: Intra-Personal and Interpersonal Skills
Chapter Ten: Academic Skills
Chapter Eleven: Social Skills
Module Introduction
Psychology is the science of human cognitive processes and behaviors.
Focuses on different dimensions such as sensation, perception, learning, motivation, personality, and life skills to form a comprehensive understanding of human behavior.
Module Objectives
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
Describe key psychological concepts.
Compare major theoretical perspectives in psychology.
Discuss human development aspects.
Compare different learning theories.
Summarize motivational and emotional processes.
Demonstrate social skills in everyday life.
Set adaptive goals and plan future actions.
Apply psychological knowledge in life contexts.
Develop life skills.
Chapter One: Essence of Psychology
Overview and Goals of Psychology
Definition of psychology: study of mind, behavior, and underlying processes.
Goals: describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.
Historical Background
Emergence of psychology as a science in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt.
Difference between early and modern schools of thought (e.g., Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism).
Research Methods in Psychology
Major research methods include descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.
Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception
Importance of Sensation and Perception
Sensation involves the detection of stimuli, while perception organizes and interprets those stimuli.
Principles of Sensation
Sensory thresholds (absolute and difference threshold) determine how and when we detect stimuli.
Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on changes in the environment rather than constant stimuli.
Chapter Three: Learning and Theories of Learning
Definition and Characteristics of Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Theories of Learning
Behavioral theories include classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner).
Observational learning (Bandura) emphasizes learning from observing others.
Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting
Memory Processes
Stages: encoding, storage, retrieval.
Causes of Forgetting
Theories: decay, interference, motivated forgetting, and cue-dependent forgetting.
Improving Memory
Strategies to enhance memory retention include rehearsal, meaningful practice, and organization of information.
Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotions
Definition of Motivation
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.
Theories of Motivation
Includes instinct, drive-reduction, arousal approaches, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Understanding Emotions
Emotions involve physiological responses, behavior, and cognitive labeling.
Chapter Six: Personality
Definitions and Theories of Personality
Personality comprises the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Major Theories
Psychoanalytic theory (Freud), Trait theory, and Humanistic approaches (Rogers and Maslow).
Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques
Nature of Psychological Disorders
Defined by abnormality, maladaptiveness, and personal distress.
Types of Disorders
Mood disorders (e.g., depression), anxiety disorders (e.g., phobias, PTSD), personality disorders.
Treatment Approaches
Psychotherapy, medication, and various therapeutic techniques.
Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills
Importance of Life Skills
Skills like critical thinking, decision making, self-esteem, emotional intelligence are crucial.
Goals of Life Skills
Enhance effective functioning in daily life and improve interpersonal relationships.
Chapter Nine: Intra-Personal and Interpersonal Skills
Key Concepts
Self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem play a significant role in personal development.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to manage one’s emotions and understand others' emotions.
Chapter Ten: Academic Skills
Time Management and Study Skills
Effective strategies include setting goals, staying organized, and using various note-taking methods.
Test-Taking Skills
Strategies to prepare for and manage test anxiety.
Chapter Eleven: Social Skills
Understanding Cultural Diversity
Importance of recognizing differences and fostering inclusivity in social settings.
Conflict Resolution and Teamwork
Collaborative approaches to working effectively in groups and resolving conflicts.