history exam 3

Front: Five Civilized Tribes
Back: The Five Civilized Tribes were five Native American nations—Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole—that were considered to have adopted many cultural traits of European settlers.

Front: Worcester v. Georgia
Back: An 1832 Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not impose its laws on the Cherokee nation, affirming Native American sovereignty.

Front: Trail of Tears
Back: The forced relocation of the Cherokee and other tribes from their ancestral lands to reservations west of the Mississippi River, resulting in the deaths of thousands.

Front: Sequoyah
Back: A Cherokee scholar who created the Cherokee alphabet, allowing for the development of written language and communication in Cherokee.

Front: Nullification Crisis
Back: A political crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, where South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs and threatened secession.

Front: "Tariff of Abominations"
Back: A controversial tariff passed in 1828 that raised import duties, leading to economic hardship in the South and contributing to the Nullification Crisis.

Front: "South Carolina Exposition and Protest"
Back: A document written by John C. Calhoun in response to the "Tariff of Abominations," arguing that states had the right to nullify federal laws.

Front: Force Bill
Back: A law passed by Congress in 1833, authorizing President Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.

Front: Nicholas Biddle
Back: President of the Second Bank of the United States, whose conflict with Andrew Jackson led to the eventual destruction of the bank.

Front: McCullough v. Maryland
Back: A 1819 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States and reinforced federal supremacy.

Front: Maysville Road
Back: A proposed road project in Kentucky, vetoed by Andrew Jackson in 1830, which he viewed as a waste of federal funds benefiting only one state.

Front: Martin Van Buren
Back: The eighth President of the United States (1837-1841), a key figure in the establishment of the Democratic Party.

Front: Eaton Affair
Back: A scandal during Andrew Jackson's presidency involving Peggy O'Neill and other members of Jackson's cabinet, leading to the resignation of several officials.

Front: Peggy O'Neill (Eaton)
Back: The wife of Jackson’s Secretary of War, John Eaton, whose social status was attacked, leading to political tensions in Jackson’s cabinet.

Front: National Democrats—Whigs
Back: The National Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, supported a strong presidency, while the Whigs, emerging in opposition, advocated for a more active Congress.

Front: American System
Back: A series of policies proposed by Henry Clay, including protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, aimed at promoting economic growth.

Front: Hayne-Webster Debate
Back: A famous 1830 debate between Senator Robert Hayne (South Carolina) and Senator Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) over states’ rights and federal power.

Front: Election of 1836
Back: Martin Van Buren defeated William Henry Harrison in the election, becoming the eighth president of the U.S.

Front: Panic of 1837
Back: A financial crisis marked by bank failures, unemployment, and a sharp decline in economic activity, largely triggered by the policies of President Jackson.

Front: Election of 1840
Back: William Henry Harrison won the presidency in a landslide, running under the slogan "Log Cabin and Hard Cider."

Front: "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign
Back: The slogan used during the 1840 election to depict William Henry Harrison as a man of the people, emphasizing his humble origins.

Front: William Henry Harrison
Back: The ninth president of the U.S., serving the shortest term in history—31 days—before dying in office.

Front: John Tyler
Back: The 10th president of the U.S., who became president after Harrison’s death and faced difficulties with his party over key issues like the bank.

Front: Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Back: An 1842 treaty between the U.S. and Britain that resolved border disputes, particularly between Maine and Canada.

Front: Chesapeake Leopard Affair
Back: A naval conflict in 1807 in which the British HMS Leopard attacked the American USS Chesapeake, leading to anti-British sentiment.

Front: Embargo Act
Back: A law passed in 1807 that banned trade with foreign countries in an attempt to protect American ships from British and French interference.

Front: Non-intercourse Act
Back: An 1809 law that replaced the Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Front: War Hawks
Back: A group of young congressmen, including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who pushed for war with Britain in 1812.

Front: John C. Calhoun
Back: A leading politician from South Carolina who championed states’ rights and was a key figure in the Nullification Crisis.

Front: Henry Clay
Back: A prominent Kentucky politician known for his role in the Missouri Compromise and the American System.

Front: Tecumseh and the Prophet
Back: Native American leaders who attempted to unite tribes to resist American expansion, leading to the War of 1812.

Front: William Henry Harrison
Back: A key military leader in the War of 1812, particularly known for his victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Front: Tippecanoe
Back: The 1811 battle between American forces led by William Henry Harrison and Native Americans, which marked a significant victory for Harrison.

Front: Creek War
Back: A conflict between the Creek Nation and American settlers, during which Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Stick faction at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Front: Red Sticks
Back: A faction of the Creek tribe that opposed American expansion and fought against the U.S. during the Creek War.

Front: Andrew Jackson
Back: The seventh president of the U.S., known for his populism, strong use of presidential power, and involvement in the War of 1812.

Front: Horseshoe Bend
Back: The site of Andrew Jackson's decisive victory over the Creek Nation in 1814, which ended the Creek War.

Front: Oliver Hazard Perry
Back: A U.S. naval commander who led American forces to victory in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Front: Battle of Lake Erie
Back: A key naval victory for the U.S. in the War of 1812, securing control of Lake Erie from the British.

Front: Fort McHenry
Back: The site of a key defense during the War of 1812, inspiring the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Front: New Orleans
Back: The site of the final battle of the War of 1812, where Andrew Jackson's forces defeated the British in 1815.

Front: Jean Lafite
Back: A pirate who aided Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans, contributing to the victory.

Front: Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Back: The treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring relations between the U.S. and Britain to their pre-war status.

Front: Decline and death of the Federalist party
Back: The Federalist party’s decline following the War of 1812, as they were seen as unpatriotic for their opposition to the war.

Front: Hartford Convention
Back: A series of meetings in 1814-1815 where New England Federalists discussed grievances with the War of 1812, leading to the party’s demise.

Front: "Era of Good Feelings"
Back: A period of political harmony and national unity following the War of 1812, marked by the presidency of James Monroe.

Front: Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Back: A treaty between the U.S. and Britain that limited naval forces on the Great Lakes and established a peaceful border.

Front: Treaty of 1818
Back: An agreement between the U.S. and Britain that established the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canada border and allowed joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.

Front: Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty (1819)
Back: A treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the western border of the Louisiana Territory.

Front: Cottage Industry
Back: A system of production in which goods were made at home, typically before the rise of factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Front: Oliver Evans
Back: An American inventor who created the first fully automated flour mill and made significant contributions to steam engine development.

Front: Eli Whitney
Back: An inventor best known for his invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

Front: Revival of slavery
Back: The reemergence of slavery in the South following the invention of the cotton gin, which made cotton production highly profitable.

Front: Panic of 1819
Back: A financial crisis caused by land speculation, bank failures, and a post-War of 1812 economic downturn.

Front: B.U.S.
Back: The Second Bank of the United States, which was central to the debate over federal power during the Jacksonian era.

Front: Missouri Compromise
Back: A law passed in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in Congress.

Front: James Tallmadge
Back: A congressman from New York who proposed an amendment to the Missouri Compromise to gradually abolish slavery in Missouri.

Front: Monroe Doctrine
Back: A policy articulated in 1823 that warned European powers against interfering in the Western Hemisphere, asserting U.S. influence in the Americas.

Front: Election of 1824
Back: An election in which John Quincy Adams won the presidency after a contentious contest with Andrew Jackson, decided by the House of Representatives.

Front: Virginia Dynasty
Back: The political dominance of Virginia politicians, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, in the early U.S. government.

Front: King Caucus
Back: The system used in the early 19th century in which party nominations were determined by congressional caucuses, before the rise of primaries.

Front: Succession of Secretary of State
Back: The tradition where the office of Secretary of State was seen as a stepping stone to the presidency, with figures like Jefferson and Monroe holding both positions.

Front: William Crawford
Back: A presidential candidate in 1824 from Georgia, whose candidacy was hurt by a stroke that impacted his campaign.

Front: John Quincy Adams
Back: The sixth president of the U.S. (1825-1829), whose election in 1824 was controversial and led to the “corrupt bargain” accusation.

Front: Panama Conference
Back: A 1826 meeting convened by Simon Bolívar to promote Latin American unity, which U.S. representatives attended but failed to produce lasting results.

Front: Election of 1828
Back: Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of Jacksonian democracy and a shift towards a more populist political system.