Untitled Flashcards Set

American History 1 

• c. 1000 Lief Erkison, first American believed to have made contact with the Americas (Newfoundland) 

• 1492 Christopher Columbus- lands in the Bahamas 

Background developments in Europe 

• Rise of Nation states 

• Renewal of trade 

• Expensive and slow  

• Intellectual revival (Renaissance) 

• Technelogical marvels 

•  new ships 

• navigation 

• Military technology 

• Reformation 

• Martin Luther’s 95 thesis 

Portugal 

• Prince Henry the Navigator 

• Cape St. Vincent 

• Henry establishes the primer maritime school 

• Bartholomew Dias- 1^st European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope 

• Vasco Da Gama- 1^st European to reach Asia (India) by sailing around Africa 

• Lisbon 

Spain 

• King Ferdinand and Isobella send Christopher Columbus’ voyage 

Columbian Exchange 

• Sugarcane from India 

• Europeans introduced sugar to the Americas 

• Driver for the African slave trade 

• Smallpox 

1495 The pope intervenes between Portugal and Spain 

• Treaty of Tordesillas 

• Divides the world between Spain and Portugal 

• Everything east goes to Portugal (Brazil), and everything west goes to Spain 

• Amerigo Vespucci 

• Popularized the idea of a undiscovered continent 

• Cortez 

• Conquers the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan under Montezuma II 

• Spain besieged Tenochtitlan 

• Natives were weakened by smallpox 

• Tenochtitlan becomes Mexico City and Mexico becomes New Spain 

• Pizarro 

• Conquers the Incas under emperor Atahualpa 

• Huge ransom for Atahualpa, but he was killed anyway 

• Ponce de Leon- 1^st European into Florida 

• Hernando de Soto- Florida to south-eastern US 

• Spanish establish Saint. Augustine Florida- 1^st permanent settlement in North American 

• Juan de Onate- leaves Mexico City to Santa Fe 

• Conquered the pueblos who mount a failed rebellion 

• Pope’ leads Pueblo Revolt and drives out Spanish 

Spanish empire 

• Sprawling but sporadic settlements 

• Mostly men (soldiers and priests) 

• Intermarriage 

• Interracial and multiethnic society 

• Slavery 

• Tight royal control 

• Lucrative 

• Mixed bag for Spain 

• Short term gain and long-term economic decline 

• Encomendero system 

• The crown in Spain gives land and slaves to the conquistadors in exchange for their loyalty 

French 

• Jaques Cartier into Canada looking for the Northwest Passage 

• 1^st permeant French settlement in North America is Quebec 

• Samual de Champlain 

• Fur trapping in French settlements 

• Intermarriage  

• Want to establish good relationship with Natives 

• Sprawling terroity, but lightly populated 

Robert Le Salle 

• 1^st European to sail the Great Lakes and the MS river 

Dutch 

• Make New Netherlands, New Amsterdam and Fort Orange 

• Business venture run by the Dutch trading company 

• Very diverse employees not settlers 

• Henry Hudson 

• Made the Dutch claim 

English 

• John Cabot is sent to Canada (looking for the Northwest Passage) 

• Jamestown- 1^st permanent English settlement 

Why the gap between settling 

• Domestic religious political turmoil 

Henry 7^th-1^st tutor 

Henry 8^th son of Henry 7^th 

• Marries Cathrine of Aragan 

• Has Mary 

• Asks for annulment but the pope refuses 

• Forms the CoE- protestant- to marry Anne Boylen 

• Wants to reject papal authority 

• Seize church property 

• Act of Supremacy- whoever is the head of England is also the head of the church 

• Anne Boylen 

• Births Elizabeth I 

• Executed for suspicions of infidelity, witchcraft, heresy 

• Jane Seymour 

• Produces a male heir, Edward VI, but dies during childbirth 

Edward VI 

• Young and sickly 

• Embraced Protestant doctrine for CoE 

Mary I- Bloody Mary 

• Tries to restore Catholicism in England 

• Wed Philip II of Spain 

• Marry dies without a kid 

Elizabeth is queen 

• Elizabethan settlement 

• The CoE is protestant in doctrine, but the church will keep catholic style 

• Catholics can worship privately 

• Protestants are happy because Catholics can still be discriminated against 

• Openly competes with Spain 

• Encourages pirates to attack Spanish ships 

• Decides to set up colonies 

• Walter Raliegh 

• Claims the first great English claim 

• Roanoke- 1^st settlement 

• A crew returns to England for supplies, but arrive for a Spanish invasion 

• Becomes a lost colony when the crew returns to find camp abandoned 

• Philip II’s has built the invincible armada  

• Armada defeated by the English 

• Decline of Spain as a naval superpower, and England rises as dominant colonial and colonial superpower 

Stuarts succeed the Tudors after the death of Elizabeth 

• When Elizabeth dies, she names James I of Scotland her successor 

• Jamestown named after him 

• English colonies are based on royal charters 

• King grants permission to make a colony with more autonomy than normal 

• Colonies are economic ventures 

• Joint stock companies 

• Colonies made for religious freedom 

• James I 

• Stuarts never lose their friendliness to Catholics 

• Charles I 

• Tension of the king and parliament 

• Some of parliament are puritans 

• Civil war breaks out as a result 

• Civil war 

• Cromwell wins over the king 

• Cromwell beheads Charles I 

Protectorate under Lord protector, Oliver Cromwell 

• Puritan dictatorship 

• Lull in the formation of colonies 

Charles II comes back as king (The restoration) 

• Charles II and the colonies 

• Navigation acts- English control over colonial trade 

• Cut out the Dutch 

• Only British built ships with a 75% British crew could trade with the American colonies 

• British ships carrying colonial goods to Europe had to swing through England. 

• Enumerated goods- special stuff that could only be produced in the colonies could only be sold to Britain 

• Richard Nicolls conquers New Netherlands 

• New Netherlands becomes New York 

• It furthers gets divided into New Jersey 

• Carolina is created 

• Gift to 8 men who had been loyal to the king in the late civil war 

• Anthony Ashleigh Cooper 

• Founded Charlestown 

• Total religious freedom 

• John Locke  

• Natural rights 

• Life liberty and property 

• Cooper recruits' settlers from the Caribbean 

• Slavery  

• Sons of planters from the Caribbean brought slaves 

• North Carolina and south Carolina were formed in response to slavery 

• Pennsylvania-  

• William Penn founds it as a “Holy experiment” 

• Quackers 

• Committed to equality 

• Pacifists 

• Due process 

• No taxation without representation 

• Freedom of conscience 

• Philidelphia 

• William Penn grants independence to Delaware 

James II (little brother to Charles II) inherits the throne after his brother’s death 

• 2 protestant daughters- Mary and Anne 

• Mary is married to William 

• James II had a son with a catholic 

• Glorious revolution kicks out James II in Favour of William and Mary 

• The bill of rights was their condition for this 

• Parliament sets limits on William and Mary 

• Act of Succession 

• After William and Mary then comes Anne 

• Then George of Hannover 

• Because he’s German and doesn’t speak English 

• Weak 

John Winthrop asks for a charter so puritans can leave England 

• “the city on a hill” 

• Huge success from the start 

• Reasons for success of Winthrop’s charter: 

• Farmers 

• Puritan work ethic 

• Land is available 

• Gender balance 

• Economic equality 

• Few slaves 

• Voting rights are restricted to puritans 

• No religious freedom 

Scrooby manor separatists fled England to Netherlands 

• Netherlands were protestant, tolerant, and rich 

• Sail to NA on the Mayflower, but it goes off course 

• Mayflower Compact 

• William Bradford (governor of Plymouth) 

• Kept diaries of the early colony 

• Squanto 

• Was a hardcore protestant 

Jamestown 

• Virginia Company (a joint stock company)  

• Get rich quick scheme 

• Disaster from the beginning 

• Wrong men go (business men) 

• Bad water (swamp) 

• Malaria 

• In midst of Powhatan Confederation 

• Captain John Smith takes over Jamestown 

• No work no food 

• The winter after John Smith was known as “The starving time” 

• John Rolfe 

• Introduces tobacco 

• Produces profit from 1^st harvest 

• Company announces reforms to lure settlers 

• Self-government 

• Head right system (acquire and own land) 

• 50 acres if you come plus 50 more for every servant you bring with you (indentured) 

• Lots of people come, but a high death rate 

• Unstable society  

• gender imbalance 

• Economic inequality  

• most settlers are young and poor 

Maryland- 1^st proprietary colony (given to a man not corporation) 

• George Calvert, Lord Baltimore 

• Created as a haven for Catholics 

• Not enough Catholics come 

• Calvert family will later grant total freedom to all Christians 

• Act of Tolerance 

New England 

• Haven for puritans and separatists 

Roger Williams 

• Believes in freedom of conscience 

• Critical of mistreatment of natives 

• Exiled and creates Providence 

• Complete religious freedom 

• Haven for heretics 

Anne Hutchinson 

• Claims to receive direct new words from god 

New England Massachusetts > Rhode Island > Connecticut > New Hampshire 

Georgia- last colony of the originals 

• Founded by General M.P. James Oglethorpe as a Haven for the poor 

• Alternative to debtor’s prisons 

• Buffer zone against Spanish Florida 

• Strict rules 

• Cap the amount of land you can own at 500 acres 

• No slaves 

• No self-government 

• No alcohol 

• Grown slowly at first until it reforms 

Colonial conflict (Indians vs English) doesn’t escalate until the late 1600s 

• English at first seen as potential allies 

• English population grows very quick 

• Few people but lots of resources 

• Low density 

• Younger marriage 

New England- King Philips’s War (Metacomet’s War) 

• A bloody conflict 

• Started by the murder of a native who had converted to puritan society by his old tribe 

• Failed resistance as the leader was beheaded 

In London eventually James II says he needs more control in New England 

• The Dominion of New England 

• Eliminates boundaries and elected governments 

• Appointed royal governor- Edmund Andros 

• When James II was kicked out in the Glorious Revolution, New England men kicked out Edmund Andros 

4 new England colonies are re-established, but Massachusetts must let non puritan men vote 

Salem witch trials 

• Young girls accuse Tituba of witchcraft 

• Spectral evidence 

• Dream evidence 

Virginia- Bacon's Rebellion 

• Lots of landless poor men move inland 

• Encroach upon Indian territory 

• Nathanial Bacon asks for assistance from Jamestown 

• Bacon and his army turn their force on and burn down Jamestown 

Iroquois Confederation 

• At first saw the English and Dutch as allies against the Algonquins 

• Algonquins allied with the French 

New England 

• Farmers at first 

• Sea economy 

 Middle Colonies 

• Diverse 

• Better farming 

 South 

• Plantation agriculture 

• Slavery 

Slavery 

• Indentured servitude at first not African chattel slavery 

• It was too expensive 

• Royal Africa company to import African slaves to NA