Horticulture Exam 1

horticulture - art and science of cultivating. processing, and marketing of plants, nuts

KNOW: Horticulture VS Agronomy

-identify that plants belong in either or both fields

-identify and define at least 3 different branches of horticulture

taxonomy- science and art of identifying and naming things

• landscape horticulture: focuses on the design and maintenance of landscapes, including gardens and parks

• ornamental horticulture: involves the cultivation of plants for decorative purposes, such as flowers and shrubs

• fruit and vegetable horticulture: encompasses the growing of edible plants for consumption, emphasizing sustainable practices.

• nursery horticulture: involves the propagation and cultivation of plants for sale, including trees, shrubs, and bedding plants.

Family names end in ‘aceae’, which is a common suffix used in botanical nomenclature to denote plant families, such as Rosaceae for roses and Fabaceae for pea family, including beans, locust trees, peanut, lupines, licorice

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Part One: Genus

• Part Two: Species

Genera (multiple genuses) (are italicized)

RULES OF TAXONOMIC NOMENCLATURE

1. broader genus is followed by specific species

2. genus name is always capitalized; Acer

3. species name is in lowercase: rubrum

4. unknown species are not italicized; Acer sp.

5. authority goes after species, not italicized

6. varieties are denoted ‘ var. examplensis

7. cultivars are capitalized not italicized and written either “Example’ or cv. Example

   1. Classica examplera ‘Example’ - Example is the name of the cultivar

If species is unknown:

‘s.p’ for singular “Acer sp.”

‘s.p.p.’ for multiple ie “Acer spp.”

Authority : person who identified and named species (e.g., Carl Linnaeus for many plant species).

Many specific country or regiononal names have the ending ‘ensis; this suffix indicates the origin of the species, such as 'Acer rubrum' for the red maple, which is native to North America.

• In contrast, names ending in 'icus' often denote a species associated with a particular place or characteristic, such as 'Acer saccharinum', commonly known as the silver maple, which is prevalent in wetlands.

VARIETY VS CULTIVAR

• botanical variety = naturally occurring variant of plants

• different from the general species in color shape, size, or chemical composition

• Cultivar: cultivated variety created by horticultural techniques not normally found in nature

  • Maintained as clones by asexual propagation or extensive inbreeding

    • grafting,

  • first letter is capitalized and the term is never italicized, surrounded bu single quotation

  • Seedling Variation

  • Hybridizing cultivars of the same species: either naturally ot artifically

  • Mutations or ‘Sports’

• Variety = subspecies in natural populations

  • Differences are heritable and reproduce true-to-type in each generation

TAKE AWAYS FROM DIFFERENCES

CULTIVARS

• “cultvated variety’ used by mankind

• special trait(s) is preserved by asexual propagation or inbreeding

• result from intential vbreeding and selection

• can be patented and named if new and unique

Variets

• Natural variant found in wild

• special traits generally heritable

OTHER TERMS

STRAIN - A sub-group of cultivar with specific characteristics, like resitance to a disease or better color

clone - a asexual propagate of a variety ir cultivar. the offspring have one parent an d therfore are indeticak to the parent

line = term used for seed propgated cultivars; often used in population cultivats like that of turfgrass

form = based on selceetion

HYBRIDS

• two parent plants will cross and produce almost all identical offspring (differ in one or more inherited traits)

Heirloom = SDJ

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS

• name contains a big X inbetween the two species used for the hybrid

  • ‘Camelliena japonica X C. salu

things to know:

hwo to correctl.y write a plant name

what is the diff bt cultivars and variets

• functional differences

what re plant hybrids and how might they be names?

• inventors vs hybrids names, and how to write

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Lecture 3

Quiz 3 Answers:

1. Family, genus, species, variety/subspecies, cultivar

2. 1. Cornus kousa var. chinensis ‘Greensleeves’

   2. Cornus kousa var. chinesis CV. Greensleeves

what is transpiration: plants release water into the atmosphere to cool down.

Monocots vs dicots:

-number of cotyledons (seed leaves)

-leave differences: mono = veins aew usually parallel,

-stems arew in vascular bundles in complex arrangement. (mono)

-flowers

-roots (mono = fibrous root system) (di = taproot usually present)

stolon (runners)

tubers ; storage devices that are stem tissues ( store sugars carbs)

rhizome

leaf is the organ modified to create the bulb

the basal plate is modified stem tissue

corm = swollen stem (defined basal plate)

Leaf Modifications

• protection

  • cactus spine

• climbing

  • pea plant tendril

Tendrils

Things to know

• what are trichomes

  • what are their functions

• what is transpiration? more wind = more transpiration

  • How does it plant morphology?

• Describe the features of monocots, dicots, and their differences.

• What are the three basic plant organs (roots, stems, leaves, and their modifications (and why they are modified))

• The functions of different modifications ecologically and horticulturally

Attendance quiz #6

1. what is soil texture and howis it different thay from soil structure?

   1. texture is ration of sand, silt, clay in soil. arranifment qnd density od thses

2. what is a usda cold hardiness zone and howdoes it infrom hroticulturlaist

3. black plastic kmulch is used for warming and clear - for field a

   1. white mulch for firld b

%%% Lecture

%%Plant Physioloyg

-Xylem sap

— pulled up through roots and shootsto the leaves

-transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

• a steep diffusion gradient pulls water moilecules fromt he durace of leav es into much drier air

• the airs pulls on water creating tension

stomata

guard cells

• blossom end root occurs when a young developing fruit does not getenougb calcium

  • dissolved ca is taken up by root hair cells and diffusies into xylem

    • moretranspirationn = more ca in the leaves

• fruit hsve few stomata and transpire little

• 90% of ca is accumulated during early fruit growth bc waxy epidermis further reduces transpiration

• water stress, cold soils, excessive leaf growth from too mucgh N,all induce blossom end rot because they reduce CA supply to the fruit.

plants take up nitrogen from soil ini two froms

1. nitrate (NO3-2)

2. 2. ammoniumn (NH4+1)

ammonium = not readilt available but

-ammonium based runoff

—ammonium fertilzer takes longer to absorb

young plants respond to ammonium fertilizer faster than to nitrate fertilizer

-older plants respond better to nitrate fertilizer

-generally, a balance between the two forms is used for optimal results

mycorrhizae

-phloem sap

—moves through sieve plants in sieve tube members

-composed of sucroseand other solutes such as ions, amino acids, and hormones

-sugars are carriued through phloem from sources to sinck )diffusion gradient)

sugar source = plant organ that is a net producer of sugar via photosynthesis or breakdown ofstarch

• leaves produce sugars via photosynthesis

• roots and other storage organs produce sugars via breakdown of starch

sugar sink = plant organ that is a net consumer of sugar or onethat stores starch

-growing organs us esiga

-roots and otherorgans sotreunused sugars as starch

pressure flow mechanism

• at sources, sugars are actively loaded into sieve tuve members

things to know:

• basic inputs of phtosynthesis and respiration

• what plant nutrients are and how they absorbed

• how water and nutrients move throughout the plant

• what stromata are, and how they are regulated

• what do the xylem and phloem transport, repectively, and how? (pressure flow vs transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanisms)

• the two classes of symbiotes that assist plants in acquiring nutrients