1. Computer Careers and Certifications

• Overview of career options within the field of computing.

2. Primary Areas for Job Opportunities

• General Business and Government Organizations and Their IT Departments

• Computer Equipment Field

• Computer Software Field

• Computer Services and Repair Field

• Computer Salespeople

• Computer Education and Training Field

• IT Consulting Field

3. Difference Between Various Computer-Related Courses of Study

3.1 Major in Computer Science (CS)

• Oldest of the computer-related majors.

• Focus on the theory of programming and operating systems.

• Emphasis on systems programming rather than application programming.

• Key question: "What is a computer and how does it work?"

3.2 Major in Information Technology (IT)

• Prepared to work in applications programming, data communication, and networking.

• Focus on solving human/business problems using computers.

• Key question: "What can I do with computers?"

• In-depth study of technology.

3.3 Major in Information Systems (IS)

• Newer field focused on designing and implementing solutions to business problems.

• Curriculum includes business subjects: management, marketing, accounting, etc.

• Aim to understand complexity in business for effective solution design.

3.4 Major in Computer Engineering

• Focus on the design and development of electronic components in computers and peripherals.

• Entry-level jobs include software engineer, network security specialist, etc.

4. Careers in IT

4.1 Web Developer

• Responsible for designing website appearance and content organization.

• Uses HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for coding.

• Portfolio or previous employment usually required.

4.2 IT Security Specialist

• Works to protect an organization’s digital data.

• Creates contingency plans for security breaches.

• Requires a Bachelor’s Degree or professional certification.

4.3 Software Developer / Computer Programmer

• Develops new software and improves existing applications.

• Designs and writes code for operating systems to apps and games.

• Requires a Bachelor’s Degree or certification.

4.4 Systems Analyst

• Surveys database issues and resolves user problems.

• Advises on technology innovations to improve productivity.

• Requires communication skills and a degree or certification.

4.5 Software Engineer

• Collaborates on program creation for user needs.

• Involves design, development, testing, and documentation of software.

• Requires a Bachelor’s Degree, certification, or prior experience.

4.6 Data Scientist

• Analyzes data trends to influence business decisions using statistics and machine learning.

• A Bachelor’s Degree, certification, or previous experience is necessary.

4.7 UX Designer

• Responsible for optimizing user experience on websites or applications.

• Conducts research to understand user expectations and areas for improvement.

4.8 Quality Assurance / Quality Control Professional

• Inspects products to ensure they meet quality standards, including performing visual inspections and planning process improvements.

5. Staying Current with Technology

• Professional Organizations: Networking and proficiency enhancement.

• Continuing Education: Workshops, seminars, conferences.

• Computer Publications and Websites: Keep informed on industry developments.

• Certification: Verifies technical knowledge and competence.

6. Certification Benefits

• Employers: Ensures quality and up-to-date skills in workforce.

• Employees: Enhances career prospects and potential salary increases.

• Vendors: Establishes industry competence standards.

7. Areas of IT Certification

• Categories of certifications include: Application Software, Operating System, Programmer/Developer, Hardware, Networking, Computer Forensics, Security, Internet, Database System.

8. Number Systems Overview

• Binary Number System: Base-2; represents information in 0s and 1s.

• Octal Number System: Base-8; uses digits 0-7.

• Hexadecimal Number System: Base-16; uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F.

• Decimal Number System: Base-10; commonly used in daily life.

9. HTML Overview

• HTML: HyperText Markup Language used to write web documents.

• Major language of the World Wide Web.

• Comprises elements defined by tags.

• Set of markup tags to describe web pages.

HTML ELEMENT

• start tag, some content, end tag

!DOCTYPE

• represents the doc type, help browsers to display web page correcty.

• It must only appear once.

• not case sensitive

HTML Headings

• HTML headings are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags. 1 being the most important.

• Search engines use headings to index structure and content of your web page

• Users skim a page its headings.

• <h1> for main headings

Paragaphs

• defined by <p>

• use paragraph for blocks of text

• Avoid using <p> for single lines

• Keep paragraphs concise

• Use whitespace wisely. You can use <br> tag or simply leave blank lines to add space.

Text Formatting

• <b> - bold, no importance.

• <strong> - bold, important

• <i> italic

• <em> - emphasize (underlined, important)

• <mark> - marked (highlighted)

• <small> - smaller

• <del> - deleted (striked)

• <u> - underline

• <ins> - inserted (underlined)

• <sub> - subscript

• <sup> - superscript, for footnotes

Best practices for Text formatting

• Use text formatting sparingly, do not overuse to avoid clutter

• Use for its intended purpose.

• Avoid using text formatting for styling.

• Consider readability. Text formatting should improve readability instead of distracting.

HTML Quotation and Citation

• <blockquote> - section that is quoted from another source.

  • used for block-level quotations spanning multiple lines

• <q> - short quotations. Used for inline quotations within paragraphs or blocks of text. adds quotation marks enclosed around text. use for brief quotations

• <abbr> - show description for abbreviated terms when hovered over.

• <address> - defines the contact information for the author/owner of document or article. renders in italic

• <cite> - tag defines the title of a creative work. renders in italic

• <bdo> - bi-directional override. overrides direction of text

HTML Comments

• used to hide contents

• not displayed by the browser

HTML Styles

• HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.

  • Background-color: defines background color of html element

  • Text color: color of text

  • font: font-family used

  • font-size: text size

  • text-align: horizontal text alignment

  • border: border size

    • dotted

    • dashed

    • solid

    • double

    • groove

    • ridge

    • inset

    • outset

    • none

    • hidden

• Colors

  • RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, HSLA

HTML Page Title

• titles describe the meaning of the page, important for SEO to decide the order when listing pages in search results

• <title> - defines title in toolbar, provides title for a page, display title for search engine results

HTML Favicon

• small image displayed next to the page title, should be high contrast

HTML Attributes

• all HTML elements can have attributes

• additional information about elements

• specified in the start tag

• name=”value”

• href attribute

  • a tag defines hyperlink

• src attribute

  • img to embed image

• width height attribute

  • should also contain in the img tag

• alt attribute

  • specified an alternate text if image is not displayed

HTML Links

• HTML links are hyperlinks. click and jump to another document

• mouse arrow will turn into a hand upon hovering

• can be image or other elements

• <a href=”url”>link</a>

• <a> - anchor tag, defines the hyperlink

• href - link destination

  • _self

  • _blank

  • _parent

  • _top

• Absolute url - full web address

• relative url - local link

• link to an email address - mailto:

HTML List

• <ol> - ordered list

• <ul> - unordered

• <li> - list items

• <dl> - description list

• <dt> - term

• <dd> - definition

HTML tables

• <table> - arrange data to rows and columns

• <td> - table cells or table data, contens of table

• <tr> - rows

• <th> - table headers

• <thead> & <tbody>

• attributes

  • border

  • cellpadding - space between content and border

  • cellspacing - space between cells

  • width and height - for table

HTML Images

• <img> - embed image in web page

• requires src and alt attribute

Audio

• <audio> requires closing tag

Video

• <video> src controls autoplay loop

Block

• block-level element starts on new lines, browsers add some space before and after the element

• takes up full width available

• ex. div and p

• use for structure

• nest within each other

• use for larger portions of content

• use for structure and layout

• use the right elements based on its purposes

Inline

• Inline does not start on new line

• takes up necessary width

• cannot contain block level elements

• use for inline elements for small portions of text

• nest inline elements within block-level elements

• use inline elements for interactive functionality

• use inline elements sparingly

• keep it semantic

• avoid using inline for block level content

DIV

• container for other HTML elements

span

• container for mark up part of a text or part of a document

10. CSS Overview

• CSS: Cascading Style Sheets for styling web documents.

• Controls visual presentation including layout, colors, fonts.

Selectors

• target specific HTML elements

• Element selector, class selector, id selector, attribute selector.

Properties

• color, font, layout

Values

• keyword, length, url

How to add CSS

• inline css uses style attribute

• internal css uses <style> element inside head section

• external css uses link element in head

Fonts

• font family, size, weight, style, decoration, transform

• direction, text-align, align last, vertical align

• text-decoration: underline, overline, line-through, none, blink, initial, inherit, dotted, dashed

• text-transform: none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase

CSS class selector

• .classname

• targets elements based on class attribute

• used to group and style multiple elements

CSS id selector

• id attribute to select a specific element, unique within a page.

CSS backgrounds

• background-color, background-image, background-repeat, background-attachment, background-position, background.

CSS boxes

11. Positioning in CSS

Layout

• css treats each html element as if it is in its own box

• either block-level box or inline box

Containing elements

• outer element is the parent element

Position of elements

• Normal Flow: Default positioning of elements.

• Relative: Offset from normal position.

• Absolute: Positioned relative to nearest positioned ancestor.

• Fixed Positioning: Element remains fixed when the page is scrolled.

• Floating Elements: Allows elements to float next to each other.