food security - when all people at all times have physical and economic access to safe, affordable and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

food staple - may be a plant or animal origin that a population relies on for most of its energy and nutrient needs, often forming the foundation of their diet.

global migration - when people move from one country to another and bring their food and culture with them, influencing local cuisines and agricultural practices, and contributing to the diversity of food systems worldwide.

social - society and its organisations

Poverty - more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Manifests include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and basic services, social discrimination / exclusion, lack of participation in decision making.

Revitive poverty - cannot afford to satisfy 1 or more of the basic human needs (food, shelter, clothing) causing their standard of living being lower than the rest of the community

Absolute poverty - life threatening from the lack to supply any of the basic needs over a long period of time

Affluence - wealth in great abundance

Technological - Anything related to or involving technology, which includes tools, machines, systems, or methods used to solve problems, improve efficiency, and advance knowledge. It often involves innovations or advancements that improve daily life or work processes.

Automation - The use of technology, machines, or systems to perform tasks without human intervention. It helps increase efficiency, reduce errors, and save time by automating repetitive or complex processes in industries like manufacturing, agriculture, and services.

Food production: The process of growing, harvesting, and preparing raw ingredients to create food for consumption. It involves various activities such as farming, fishing, and animal raising, followed by processing, packaging, and distribution.

Food processing: The transformation of raw ingredients into packaged or prepared food through methods like cooking, freezing, canning, and drying.

Food manufacturing: The large-scale production of processed food using machinery, technology, and standardized procedures to ensure consistency, safety, and efficiency.

Commercial Manufacturing: The large-scale production of goods for sale in the market. It involves the use of machinery, labor, and standardized processes to create products efficiently and in large quantities for commercial distribution.

Historical Changes to the Availability of Food

staple foods

A plant or animal origin that a population relies on for most of its energy and nutrient needs, often forming the foundation of their diet.

3 main types of plant staples - cereals, root crops, legumes

wheat	a source of energy and complete proteins can be processed into many staples has gluten to give food elasticity
rice	needs a warm climate with rainfall different varieties of rice through migration, rice has been brought all over the world
corn	tortillas, corn meal
potatoes	potato famine in Ireland caused the Irish to move to other staple foods, eg: wheat many people tried to move abroad bringing their knowledge and skills of potatoes
legumes	plants with edible seeds within a pod not a part of the European diet till recently, originated from Africa and China
animal staple foods	hunter-gatherer societies good food for harsh climates inefficient source of protein

timeline

30,000+ years ago - indigenous australians

1788 - europain settlers

1790s - early europain settlers

1793+ - convict transportation & free imigrants

1838 - german wine growers

1853 - gold rush

diet consistening of native australian foods

Meats
Plants
Seafood
Insects
Kangaroos
Wild turkeys
Snakes
Grubs
Fish
Fruit
seeds

They were unfamiliar with the landscape and crops in australia. The brang their own food basics:

Flour
Sugar
Rice
Beef
Pork
Butter

Relied of food arriving in ships, moved to parramatta to farm

Flour → bread or damper

Australian immigrants were mainly british, irish, or scottish (at first were mainly convicts)

meat + 3 veg + dessert

Germans began migrating to south australia and queensland (mostly to escape germany for political and religious reasons)

Wine knowledge
Pineapples

Textbook timeline

Technological Developments

Definitions:

Food processing: The transformation of raw ingredients into packaged or prepared food through methods like cooking, freezing, canning, and drying.

Food manufacturing: The large-scale production of processed food using machinery, technology, and standardized procedures to ensure consistency, safety, and efficiency.

advancements in food production:

Smart Farms: Use technology such as like sensors, AI, and automation to improve farming efficiency, monitor crops and livestock, and reduce resource waste. They help farmers make data-driven decisions to increase productivity and sustainability.

Hydroponics: A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water instead. This technique allows for faster growth, higher yields, and efficient use of space and resources.

LED bulbs: Energy-efficient light sources that use light-emitting diodes to produce bright, long-lasting illumination. They consume less power, generate less heat, and last much longer than traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs.

Vertical farming: A method of growing crops in stacked layers, often indoors, using controlled environments like hydroponics or aeroponics. It maximizes space, reduces water use, and enables year-round food production in urban areas.

3D printing: Using edible materials, like purees or dough, to create customized shapes and textures layer by layer. It allows for personalized nutrition, unique food designs, and efficient food production with minimal waste.

Levels of food processing:

Minimally processed foods
- Foods still in their pure form
- From the fresh section
  - Eg: Frozen fruit and vegetables, nuts, seafood

Moderately processed foods
- Other ingredients added for food safety
- Changed flavour and texture
- Preservatives added
  - Eg: pasta sauces, salad dressing, yogurt
Highly processed foods
- Multiple ingredients
- Changed raw ingredients
- Unrecognizable from their pure form
- Longer shelf life
  - Eg: premade meals, musli bars, biscuits, soft drinks

Factors that led to changes in how food is processed

Equipment and tools
- Perishable foods available across the world
  - Eg: spray drying - a mashine sprays the moisture out of the liquid. Can keep for long periods of time, when required need to add moisture (normally water).
    - Takes up less space, doesnt need refrigeration,
    - Eg: powered orange juice (tang) , powered milk
  - Eg: dehydration - takes out the moisture
Computers and technology for control and observation
Electricity as a source of power
- Eg: ovens, refrigeration, microwaves
Diet and habits of the public
Convenience
Food packaging
- Eg: multilayer, modified, and active packaging

social, economic and political factors

social

social - society and its organisations

Poverty - more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Manifests include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and basic services, social discrimination / exclusion, lack of participation in decision making.

Revitive poverty - cannot afford to satisfy 1 or more of the basic human needs (food, shelter, clothing) causing their standard of living being lower than the rest of the community

Absolute poverty - life threatening from the lack to supply any of the basic needs over a long period of time

Affluence - wealth in great abundance

Cycle of poverty:

economic

Economy - all activity related to the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

Stages of economic growth:

The different phases determine how consumers spend their money and how products are sold.

Expansion - Growth of the economy → high production, distribution and consumption

Boom - economy grows till peak → high inflation

Recession - economy declines and contracts → lower production, distribution and consumption

Depression - economy at its lowest point → after this can repeat the cycle

Strong vs weak economies:

Strong

Gives countries political trading power

Weak

Leaves a country less protected from the global market

Types of economies

Agricultural economy

Production and exportation of agricultural products
Eg: sierra leone, central african republic, chad

Subsistence economy

Does not produce a surplus of food. Dependant of weather
Eg: aboriginal cultures in the amazon rainforest, remote tribes in africa and polynesia

Political

Definitions:

Taxation - food products are taxed through tariffs from imports and exports to protect the local economy. Some governments have entered Free Trade Agreements (FTA) that don't use tariffs.

Social Justice - A basic human right that allows all people in society to have fair economic, political, and social opportunities.

In relation to food availability, all people can have access to food without discriminatory ideas such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc.

Developed country - Has a strong economy, higher standard of living and gdp, advanced technology and industrial infrastructure.

Developing country - Weaker economy, lower standard of living and gdp, less technologicallly advanced infrastructure.

Note