Darcy's Law is expressed as:
q = -K \frac{dh}{dz}, where q is the Darcy flux, K is the hydraulic conductivity and dh/dz is the hydraulic gradient.
The Darcy flux q is constant throughout the depth and is equal to -f, because q is positive upward while f is positive downward.
Approximation of Darcy's law:
f = K \frac{[h2 - h1]}{L}
h1 at the surface is equal to the ponded depth h0. h_2 in dry soil below the wetting front equals - \psi - L (
Darcy's law written as:
f = K \frac{[h_0 - (-\psi - L)]}{L}
If ponded depth h_0 is negligible:
f = K \frac{\psi + L}{L}
Wetting front depth is L = \frac{F}{\Delta\theta}; assuming h_0 = 0, substitution into equation gives:
f = K \frac{\psi \Delta\theta + F}{F}
Since f = \frac{dF}{dt}, equation can be expressed as:
\frac{dF}{dt} = K \frac{\psi \Delta\theta + F}{F}
To solve for F, cross-multiply to obtain:
F dF = K dt [F + \psi \Delta\theta]
\frac{F + \psi \Delta\theta - \psi \Delta\theta}{F + \psi \Delta\theta} dF = K dt
Integrate:
\int \frac{F + \psi \Delta\theta - \psi \Delta\theta}{F + \psi \Delta\theta} dF = \int K dt
Leads to:
F(t) - \psi \Delta\theta { ln[F(t) + \psi \Delta\theta] - ln(\psi \Delta\theta) } = Kt
Or:
F(t) - \psi \Delta\theta ln \Big(1 + \frac{F(t)}{\psi \Delta\theta} \Big) = Kt
This is the Green-Ampt equation for cumulative infiltration.
Infiltration rate f can be obtained from:
f = K \Big[ \frac{\psi \Delta\theta}{F(t)} + 1 \Big]
When h0 is not negligible, substitute \psi + h0 for \psi in the equations.
The equation is nonlinear and can be solved by successive substitution:
F(t) = Kt + \psi \Delta\theta ln \Big(1 + \frac{F(t)}{\psi \Delta\theta} \Big)
Ponding time is the elapsed time between the time rainfall begins and the time water begins to pond on the soil surface.
Develop an equation for ponding time under a constant rainfall intensity i, using the Green-Ampt infiltration equation.
i=K \Big[ \frac{\psi \Delta\theta}{F(t_p)} + 1 \Big]
Solving for tp: tp = \frac{K \psi \Delta\theta}{i(i-K)}
Φ-index: Constant rate of abstraction.
Horton's equation: Empirical relation assuming infiltration begins at some rate and exponentially decreases until reaching a constant rate f_c.
Richard's equation:
Philip used the Boltzmann transformation B(\theta) = t^{-1/2} to convert Richard's equation into an ordinary differential equation in B and solved to obtain an intimate series for cumulative infiltration F, approximated as
F = St^{1/2} + Kt
Relates peak runoff to rainfall intensity.
Assumes entire catchment contributing, uniform rainfall distribution, and all losses are in the coefficient.
Q_p = CIA
where C is the runoff coefficient, i is rainfall intensity (m/s), A is watershed area (m^2), and Q_p is peak runoff (cms).
Streamflow is a measure of the water volume transported by a stream.
Streamflow or discharge is the volume of water that moves through a specific point in a stream during a given period of time. Measured in cubic feet per second (cfs).
Gaining Stream - stream gains water
Losing Stream - stream loses water
The most common definition of a runoff coefficient is that it is the ratio of the peak rate of direct runoff to the average intensity of rainfall in a storm.
A runoff coefficient can also be defined to be the ratio of runoff to rainfall over a given time period.
Equation:
C = \frac{\Sigma rd}{\Sigma Rm}
With = 4.80 in and
\Sigma R = 1.33 + 2.20 + 2.08 + 0.20 + 0.09 = 3.90 in then:
C = \frac{4.80}{3.90} = 0.81$$