chapter 3 U.S. Foreign Policy
Chapter Overview
Focus on the influence of global context on American power and the implications for U.S. foreign policy.
Historical context and events, such as the Cold War and post-9/11 situations, shape the dynamics between national security and democracy.
Understanding Global Context
Global context defined as the external environment influencing U.S. government and society, including resources and technology.
Developments in the global environment significantly impact U.S. foreign policy.
Underlying Conditions of Foreign Policy
Global patterns impact the framework of U.S. foreign policy, indicating potential actions based on international conditions.
Major world events can prompt immediate political responses within the U.S., influencing agenda and policymaking.
Psychological vs. Objective Environment
Distinction between how perceptions of the environment affect human decision-making and actions.
Two modes of influence:
Perceptions shape attitudes and decisions.
Objective conditions set limits to action.
Historical Background and American Power
The Cold War Era (1940s-1960s)
East-West conflict emerged post-World War II, leading to American and Soviet dominance.
American power grew following the war; the U.S. became a global superpower.
Cold War characterized by attempts to contain Soviet influence globally.
The Rise of the East-West Conflict
The decline of European empires led to U.S. and Soviet expansion in global affairs.
Key events included ideological clashes, territorial disputes, and the mutual suspicion between superpowers.
Consequences on U.S. Foreign Policy
Cold War led to the establishment of a strong national security apparatus and presidential dominance in foreign affairs.
Major events (e.g., Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis) consolidated U.S. policy focused on containment and anti-communism.
Global Complexity and American Decline (1960s-1980s)
Increased Global Pluralism
Rise of other global powers, economic interdependence, and technological changes complicated U.S. foreign policy strategies.
Issues surrounding the Vietnam War showcased challenges in U.S. foreign intervention.
Relative Decline of American Power
Although the U.S. remains a significant power, increased competition and global complexities have limited its influence relative to earlier decades.
Key economic indicators highlighted decline: reduced share of global production and growing economic challenges domestically.
Vietnam War and Policy Challenges
Vietnam represented the struggle against the complexities of a global landscape, leading to a more pluralistic approach to foreign policy.
The failure in Vietnam reshaped U.S. politics, while fostering skepticism about military interventions.
Post-Cold War Era and New Challenges (1990s-Present)
Globalization and American Renewal
After the fall of communism, the U.S. emerged as the sole superpower but faced new challenges in managing foreign relations.
Focus shifted towards economic integration and addressing non-traditional security issues (e.g. terrorism).
September 11, 2001, and Its Implications
Modern-day foreign policy grapples with the impacts of terrorism, leading to military engagements based on a perceived need for security.
The U.S. becomes involved in global conflicts, highlighting the challenges of maintaining power while addressing international relations in a complex landscape.
Theoretical Perspectives on American Power
The Competing Schools of Thought
Conservative Realism: Views world as anarchic; importance of state power and military capabilities.
Liberal Idealism: Emphasizes cooperation and interdependence among states.
Social Globalism: Focuses on the inequalities of the international system and the effects of capitalism.
Conclusion
The future of U.S. foreign policy will depend on navigating the complexities of a rapidly changing world.
An understanding of the relationship between domestic politics and global challenges is crucial to anticipate the evolving landscape of U.S. engagement in international affairs.