fye2 prelim

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• Title and Instructor: Agriculture, Mr. Giovanni N. Lagman, MPA, School of Arts & Sciences, Holy Angel University.

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• Topics Covered:

  • Agricultural Civilization and Its Consequences

  • Development of Trade Routes

  • Complex Society

  • Globalization & Christianity

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• Collective Learning as a Threshold:

  • Increasing population led to more complex societies.

  • Innovations spurred the need for specialization in roles.

  • Development of complex societies resulted from accumulated knowledge and cultural exchange.

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• The Pleistocene Epoch:

  • Known as the last ice age, shaping ecological adaptation and human migration patterns.

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• Agriculture in Prehistoric South America:

  • Introduction of agriculture transformed societies, leading to settlement and population growth.

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• Exchange Items:

  • From the Americas to Europe, Africa, Asia:

    • Crops: Potato, Corn, Beans, Squash, Tomato, Peanut, Cassava, Avocado, Sweet Potato, Peppers, Pineapple, Pumpkin.

    • Livestock: Turkey.

    • Other: Tobacco, Cacao Bean, Vanilla, Quinine.

  • From Europe, Africa, Asia to the Americas:

    • Crops: Wheat, Rice, Barley, Oats, Sugar Cane, Banana, Coffee Bean, Peach, Pear, Olive, Citrus Fruits, Grape, Onion, Turnip.

    • Livestock: Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Horses; Honeybee.

    • Diseases: Smallpox, Influenza, Typhus, Measles, Malaria, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough.

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• Impact of Introduced Crops and Livestock:

  • In the Americas:

    • Introduction of European crops and livestock fundamentally changed agricultural practices, introducing new protein sources.

    • Development of hybrid cuisines through European grains in combination with Indigenous crops.

  • In Europe:

    • Increased dietary variety and nutritional value, particularly due to crops like potatoes and tomatoes.

  • In Africa:

    • Adaptation of crops like maize and cassava led to dietary changes and population growth.

  • In Asia:

    • Crops from the Americas integrated into local cuisines, transforming traditional flavors and expanding staple foods.

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• Expansion of Global Trade:

  • Increased demand for New World sugar led to plantation systems affecting global trade dynamics.

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• General Impact Across Continents:

  • Globalization of ingredients transformed culinary practices worldwide (e.g., Italian, Indian, Thai cuisines).

  • The blending of indigenous and introduced crops fostered new culinary traditions and improved food security.

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• Agrarian Civilization:

  • Defined as societies that evolved from simple farming to complex structures due to increased food production.

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• Consequences of Agrarian Societies:

  • Development of new social and political structures.

  • Establishment of hierarchies and new power relations.

  • Growth in business and trade practices alongside advancements in monetary systems.

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• Social Stratification:

  • Refers to the ranking of societal members into groups based on status.

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• Determinants of Social Stratification:

  • Power, economic resources, prestige, occupation, caste, education contribute to an individual's social position.

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• Systems of Stratification:

  • Types: Slavery (ownership), caste (hereditary), class (economic based).

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• Social Mobility:

  • Movement up or down the stratification system influenced by various types (territorial, vertical, horizontal).

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• Marx and Class Conflict:

  • Class relations determine life chances; proletariat versus bourgeoisie as key to capitalist critique.

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• Functionalist Perspectives:

  • Analyze the role inequality plays in maintaining social equilibrium; stratification ensures essential roles are filled.

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• Explanations for Poverty:

  • Victim versus system perspectives dominate sociological discourse around poverty.

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• Laudato Si—Climate and Ecology:

  • Chapter One: Climate change as a multifaceted problem affecting the vulnerable disproportionately.

  • Chapter Two: Human responsibility towards ecological stewardship and the moral implications of destructive behaviors.

  • Chapter Three: Critique of anthropocentrism leading to ecological harm and the unchecked pursuit of profit.

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• Biblical Reference:

  • Isaiah 30:23 emphasizes abundance and blessing tied to agricultural prosperity.

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• Preliminary Examination:

  • Exploration of Filipino agriculture and consumerism through a podcast project, assessing colonial and contemporary influences.