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Title and Instructor: Agriculture, Mr. Giovanni N. Lagman, MPA, School of Arts & Sciences, Holy Angel University.

Topics Covered:
- Agricultural Civilization and Its Consequences
- Development of Trade Routes
- Complex Society
- Globalization & Christianity

Collective Learning as a Threshold:
- Increasing population led to more complex societies.
- Innovations spurred the need for specialization in roles.
- Development of complex societies resulted from accumulated knowledge and cultural exchange.

The Pleistocene Epoch:
- Known as the last ice age, shaping ecological adaptation and human migration patterns.

Agriculture in Prehistoric South America:
- Introduction of agriculture transformed societies, leading to settlement and population growth.

Exchange Items:
- From the Americas to Europe, Africa, Asia:
  - Crops: Potato, Corn, Beans, Squash, Tomato, Peanut, Cassava, Avocado, Sweet Potato, Peppers, Pineapple, Pumpkin.
  - Livestock: Turkey.
  - Other: Tobacco, Cacao Bean, Vanilla, Quinine.
- From Europe, Africa, Asia to the Americas:
  - Crops: Wheat, Rice, Barley, Oats, Sugar Cane, Banana, Coffee Bean, Peach, Pear, Olive, Citrus Fruits, Grape, Onion, Turnip.
  - Livestock: Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Horses; Honeybee.
  - Diseases: Smallpox, Influenza, Typhus, Measles, Malaria, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough.

Impact of Introduced Crops and Livestock:
- In the Americas:
  - Introduction of European crops and livestock fundamentally changed agricultural practices, introducing new protein sources.
  - Development of hybrid cuisines through European grains in combination with Indigenous crops.
- In Europe:
  - Increased dietary variety and nutritional value, particularly due to crops like potatoes and tomatoes.
- In Africa:
  - Adaptation of crops like maize and cassava led to dietary changes and population growth.
- In Asia:
  - Crops from the Americas integrated into local cuisines, transforming traditional flavors and expanding staple foods.

Expansion of Global Trade:
- Increased demand for New World sugar led to plantation systems affecting global trade dynamics.

General Impact Across Continents:
- Globalization of ingredients transformed culinary practices worldwide (e.g., Italian, Indian, Thai cuisines).
- The blending of indigenous and introduced crops fostered new culinary traditions and improved food security.

Agrarian Civilization:
- Defined as societies that evolved from simple farming to complex structures due to increased food production.

Consequences of Agrarian Societies:
- Development of new social and political structures.
- Establishment of hierarchies and new power relations.
- Growth in business and trade practices alongside advancements in monetary systems.

Social Stratification:
- Refers to the ranking of societal members into groups based on status.

Determinants of Social Stratification:
- Power, economic resources, prestige, occupation, caste, education contribute to an individual's social position.

Systems of Stratification:
- Types: Slavery (ownership), caste (hereditary), class (economic based).

Social Mobility:
- Movement up or down the stratification system influenced by various types (territorial, vertical, horizontal).

Marx and Class Conflict:
- Class relations determine life chances; proletariat versus bourgeoisie as key to capitalist critique.

Functionalist Perspectives:
- Analyze the role inequality plays in maintaining social equilibrium; stratification ensures essential roles are filled.

Explanations for Poverty:
- Victim versus system perspectives dominate sociological discourse around poverty.

Laudato Si—Climate and Ecology:
- Chapter One: Climate change as a multifaceted problem affecting the vulnerable disproportionately.
- Chapter Two: Human responsibility towards ecological stewardship and the moral implications of destructive behaviors.
- Chapter Three: Critique of anthropocentrism leading to ecological harm and the unchecked pursuit of profit.

Biblical Reference:
- Isaiah 30:23 emphasizes abundance and blessing tied to agricultural prosperity.

Preliminary Examination:
- Exploration of Filipino agriculture and consumerism through a podcast project, assessing colonial and contemporary influences.