Mexican Revolution Key Terms

mestizo

criollo

La Reforma

anti-clericalism

Benito Juarez

cientifícos

ejido

hacienda

rurales

Yacquis

José Limantour

Porfirio Diaz

James Creelman

Francisco Madero

Plan of San Luis Potosi

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Emiliano Zapata

Plan of Ayala

Pascual Orozco

Victoriano Huerta

Henry Lane Wilson

Pact of the Embassy

Decena Trágica

Venustiano Carranza

Plan of Guadalupe

Alvaro Obregón

constitutionalists

Convention of Aguascalientes

Battle of Celaya

Punitive Expedition

Convention of Querétaro

José Vasconcelos

indigenismo

Plutarco Calles

Cristero Rebellion

Constitution of 1917

Lazaro Cardenas

Maximato

Porfiriato

CROM

PNR

• Mestizo: A person of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, significant in the social structure of Latin America.

• Criollo: A person of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often a part of the upper class during colonial times.

• La Reforma: A liberal reform movement in Mexico in the mid-19th century aimed at reducing the power of the military and the church.

• Anti-clericalism: Opposition to the influence of religion on political and social life, particularly against the Catholic Church's power.

• Benito Juarez: A Mexican lawyer and politician who served as president; known for his reform efforts and resistance to foreign intervention.

• Científicos: A group of advisors to Porfirio Díaz who promoted modernization and scientific management in Mexico during the late 19th century.

• Ejido: A communal land system in Mexico where land is held collectively by members of a community for agricultural use.

• Hacienda: Large estates in Mexico that were often run as agricultural enterprises, typically using laborers who lived on the land.

• Rurales: A rural police force in Mexico during the Porfirio Díaz regime, used to maintain order in the countryside.

• Yaquis: An Indigenous people in Mexico known for their resistance against Mexican government oppression.

• José Limantour: Mexican economist and politician known for his financial reforms during the Díaz regime.

• Porfirio Díaz: Mexican general and politician who served multiple terms as president, known for his authoritarian rule and modernization efforts.

• James Creelman: American journalist whose interview with Díaz led to political changes in Mexico.

• Francisco Madero: A revolutionary leader who opposed Díaz and became the first president of Mexico after the revolution.

• Plan of San Luis Potosí: A document authored by Madero that called for the overthrow of Díaz.

• Francisco "Pancho" Villa: A prominent Mexican revolutionary general known for his raids and efforts in the northern states.

• Emiliano Zapata: A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, advocating for agrarian reform and the rights of the rural poor.

• Plan of Ayala: A revolutionary manifesto by Zapata calling for land redistribution to the peasants.

• Pascual Orozco: A revolutionary leader who initially supported Madero but later opposed him.

• Victoriano Huerta: A military general who seized power in a coup against Madero and became a controversial president.

• Henry Lane Wilson: U.S. Ambassador to Mexico who supported Huerta's rise to power.

• Pact of the Embassy: An agreement that facilitated Huerta's seizure of power with U.S. support.

• Decena Trágica: A ten-day period of violence and coup in February 1913 that resulted in Madero's assassination.

• Venustiano Carranza: A key revolutionary leader who opposed Huerta and later became president of Mexico.

• Plan of Guadalupe: A manifesto by Carranza outlining objectives for the revolution against Huerta.

• Alvaro Obregón: A general during the Mexican Revolution who later became president and implemented reforms.

• Constitutionalists: Revolutionary forces that supported the 1917 Constitution and the reforms it encompassed.

• Convention of Aguascalientes: A peace conference in 1914 to negotiate the future of Mexico post-revolution.

• Battle of Celaya: A decisive battle in 1915 between the forces of Villa and Obregón.

• Punitive Expedition: A military operation led by the U.S. in 1916 against Villa after his raid on Columbus, New Mexico.

• Convention of Querétaro: A political assembly in 1917 that resulted in creating the current Mexican Constitution.

• José Vasconcelos: An influential Mexican educator and politician known for his role in promoting cultural nationalism.

• Indigenismo: A political and cultural movement recognizing the rights and cultures of Indigenous peoples in Mexico.

• Plutarco Calles: A Mexican politician who played a significant role in the post-revolutionary government and established the national revolutionary party.

• Cristero Rebellion: A widespread uprising against the anti-Catholic policies of the Mexican government in the late 1920s.

• Constitution of 1917: The current constitution of Mexico that established significant social rights and land reforms.

• Lazaro Cardenas: A president of Mexico known for his policies of land reform and nationalization of the oil industry.

• Maximato: The period of political control by Calles after Cardenas' presidency, seen as a time of political instability.

• Porfiriato: The period of Díaz's long rule, marked by economic modernization but also repression and social inequality.

• CROM: A labor union federation in Mexico, significant for advocating workers' rights.

• PNR: The National Revolutionary Party, a political party established to unify the various revolutionary factions post-revolution.