Apush Unit 7 (1898-1945)

1898 - Spanish American War
1945 - End of WW2

American Imperialism
Gained: Alaska, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Cuba

Pro Imperialism:

• Social Darwinism: The belief that stronger nations should dominate weaker ones, propelling imperialistic motives.

• White Man’s Burden: The perceived duty of Western nations to civilize and educate non-Western peoples, justifying expansionism.

• Economic and Political advancements: Facilitated the expansion of the U.S. Navy and increased global influence.

Anti Imperialism:

• Self determinism: The principle that nations have the right to choose their own governance and destinies.

• Racism: The belief in racial superiority which manifested through the reluctance to extend democracy to foreign nations.

Spanish America War

• America wanted to stop Spanish oppression of Cuba, promoting a narrative of liberation.

• Yellow Journalism: Media outlets exaggerated events in Cuba to incite public opinion and support for intervention.

• Sinking of the U.S.S Maine: This event was pivotal in rallying U.S. public sentiment against Spain.

• Delome letter: A private letter that criticized President McKinley, reducing diplomatic relations with Spain.

• Platt Amendment: Legislation that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban politics and ensure American interests were safeguarded.

Open Door Policy w/ China: A diplomatic approach aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all countries and maintaining China's territorial integrity.

Progressive Era Goals:

• Woman’s Suffrage: The fight for women’s voting rights culminating in the 19th Amendment.

• African American Equality: Aiming to address racial discrimination and advance civil rights.

• Temperance movement: A campaign against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, leading to the 18th Amendment banning alcohol.

• Safety & Health regulations: Improvements in labor laws and public health standards.

Progressives believed that change could only occur with government intervention, as the system was flawed.

• Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption. Key figures included:

  • Ida Tarbell: Focused on the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil.

  • Upton Sinclair: Authored "The Jungle," highlighting unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

  • Jacob Riis: Documented the plight of the urban poor in tenement housing.

Teddy Roosevelt:

• Trustbuster: Actively broke up monopolies to promote competition.

• Sherman Antitrust Act: Legislation aimed at curbing monopolistic practices.

• Roosevelt Corollary: Expanded the Monroe Doctrine, justified U.S. intervention in Latin America.

• Pure Food and Drug Act: Established federal regulations on food and pharmaceuticals.

• Conservation: Advocated for the preservation of natural resources.

• Square Deal: Roosevelt's domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

18th Amendment - banned alcohol, representing a significant social reform during the Progressive Era.
19th Amendment - women’s suffrage, granting women the right to vote.
Expansion of Democracy:

• Initiative: Allowed citizens to propose legislation.

• Referendum: Enabled voters to directly vote on proposed laws.

• Recall: Provided a mechanism to remove elected officials from office before their term ended.

Economic Reforms:

• Frederick Taylor: Introduced scientific management to improve business efficiency.

Social movements:

• Conservationist: Focused on sustainable use of natural resources.

• Preservationist: Advocated for the protection of natural areas from development.

• Niagara Movement: Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, aimed at promoting civil rights.

• NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed to combat racial discrimination and promote civil rights.

1898 - Spanish American War

1945 - End of WW2

American Imperialism

Gained: Alaska, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Cuba

Pro Imperialism:

• Social Darwinism: The belief that stronger nations should dominate weaker ones, propelling imperialistic motives.

• White Man’s Burden: The perceived duty of Western nations to civilize and educate non-Western peoples, justifying expansionism.

• Economic and Political advancements: Facilitated the expansion of the U.S. Navy and increased global influence.

Anti Imperialism:

• Self determinism: The principle that nations have the right to choose their own governance and destinies.

• Racism: The belief in racial superiority which manifested through the reluctance to extend democracy to foreign nations.

Spanish American War

• America wanted to stop Spanish oppression of Cuba, promoting a narrative of liberation.

• Yellow Journalism: Media outlets exaggerated events in Cuba to incite public opinion and support for intervention.

• Sinking of the U.S.S Maine: This event was pivotal in rallying U.S. public sentiment against Spain.

• Delome letter: A private letter that criticized President McKinley, reducing diplomatic relations with Spain.

• Platt Amendment: Legislation that allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban politics and ensure American interests were safeguarded.

• Open Door Policy w/ China: A diplomatic approach aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all countries and maintaining China's territorial integrity.

Progressive Era Goals:

• Woman’s Suffrage: The fight for women’s voting rights culminating in the 19th Amendment.

• African American Equality: Aiming to address racial discrimination and advance civil rights.

• Temperance movement: A campaign against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, leading to the 18th Amendment banning alcohol.

• Safety & Health regulations: Improvements in labor laws and public health standards.

• Progressives believed that change could only occur with government intervention, as the system was flawed.

Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption. Key figures included:

• Ida Tarbell: Focused on the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil.

• Upton Sinclair: Authored "The Jungle," highlighting unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

• Jacob Riis: Documented the plight of the urban poor in tenement housing.

Teddy Roosevelt:

• Trustbuster: Actively broke up monopolies to promote competition.

• Sherman Antitrust Act: Legislation aimed at curbing monopolistic practices.

• Roosevelt Corollary: Expanded the Monroe Doctrine, justified U.S. intervention in Latin America.

• Pure Food and Drug Act: Established federal regulations on food and pharmaceuticals.

• Conservation: Advocated for the preservation of natural resources.

• Square Deal: Roosevelt's domestic program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

18th Amendment - banned alcohol, representing a significant social reform during the Progressive Era.
19th Amendment - women’s suffrage, granting women the right to vote.

Expansion of Democracy:

• Initiative: Allowed citizens to propose legislation.

• Referendum: Enabled voters to directly vote on proposed laws.

• Recall: Provided a mechanism to remove elected officials from office before their term ended.

Economic Reforms:

• Frederick Taylor: Introduced scientific management to improve business efficiency.

Social movements:

• Conservationist: Focused on sustainable use of natural resources.

• Preservationist: Advocated for the protection of natural areas from development.

• Niagara Movement: Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, aimed at promoting civil rights.

• NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed to combat racial discrimination and promote civil rights.

Other Key Events:

• The Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North for jobs during and after WW1.

• The New Deal: Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression, introducing various programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

• Civil Rights Movement: Aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act

Harlem Renaissance: A cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, characterized by a renewed interest in African American culture and arts. Key figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington, with literature, music, and art flourishing. It highlighted themes of racial pride, identity, and the struggles against racial inequality.

Tulsa Riots (1921): Also known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, this was a violent racial conflict in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, a prosperous African American community. Triggered by rumors of a black man assaulting a white woman, the riots resulted in the destruction of the neighborhood and loss of hundreds of lives, along with significant property damage. The event is often overlooked in American history but has become a symbol of racial violence and injustice.

Specific Parts of the New Deal:

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects, enhancing natural resources and public lands.

• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): Aimed to boost agricultural prices by controlling production and reducing surpluses. Farmers were paid to reduce crop acreage, stabilizing the agricultural economy.

• Social Security Act (1935): Established a system of old-age benefits for workers, unemployment insurance, and aid for dependent children and the disabled, marking a significant expansion of the federal government's role in social welfare.

• Works Progress Administration (WPA): Provided large-scale employment for millions through public works projects, including the construction of roads, schools, and parks, along with funding for arts programs.

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Created to insure deposits in banks, restoring public confidence in the banking system and preventing future bank runs.

The Great Depression, starting in 1929, had several key causes:

1. Stock Market Crash of 1929: Panic selling led to massive financial loss.

2. Bank Failures: Bank runs resulted in nearly 11,000 banks failing by 1933.

3. Reduction in Consumer Spending: Economic uncertainty caused a significant drop in spending and investment.

4. High Tariffs: The Smoot-Hawley Tariff raised tariffs, resulting in retaliatory measures and reduced global trade.

5. Agricultural Failures: The Dust Bowl devastated farming, leading to loss of livelihoods.

6. Deflation: Falling prices increased debt burdens, creating a cycle of reduced spending.

7. Monetary Policy: Restrictive policies by the Federal Reserve further hindered recovery.

8. Government Response: Initial reluctance to intervene worsened conditions under President Hoover.